2. Basic Chemistry Chapter 2 Lecture Notes

3. Matter and Energy Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight); the “stuff” of the universe 3 states of matter: –Solid –Liquid –Gas

4. Matter and Energy Energy – the ability to do work; putting matter into motion Types: –Kinetic – Energy in action –Potential – Energy in Position; Stored 4 forms of energy: –Chemical – Stored in bonds of chemicals –Electrical – Movement of charged particles –Mechanical – Moving of matter –Radiant – Traveling in waves

5. Composition of Matter Elements – fundamental units of matter 4 elements compose approximately 96% of the human body: –Carbon (C) –Oxygen (O) –Hydrogen (H) –Nitrogen (N)

6. Chemical Bonds and Reactions Chemical Reactions – occur whenever atoms combine with, or dissociate from, other atoms Atoms are united by chemical bonds Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted

7. Chemical Bonds and Reactions Valence Shell – outermost shell that contains electrons Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the valence shell –Full valence shells do not form bonds Inert Elements – have complete valence shells and are stable Rule of 8’s – atoms interact so that they will have 8 electrons in their valence shell

8. Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction – atoms or molecules combine and energy is absorbed for bond formation –A + B = AB Decomposition – molecule is broken down and energy is released –AB = A + B

9. Examples of Chemical Reactions

10. Types of Chemical Reactions Exchange Reactions – involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions. A switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made. –AB + CD = AD + CB

11. Biochemistry: Essentials for Life Two major classes of molecules: –Organic Compounds = contain carbon and most are covalently bonded –Inorganic Compounds = lack carbon and tend to be simpler compounds

12. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates – contain C, H, and O and include sugars and starches; Monomer - monosaccharides –Monosaccharides – simple sugars Glucose –Disaccharides – 2 simple sugars joined together Sucrose = glucose + fructose –Polysaccharides – long chains of linked simple sugars Starch and Glycogen –Source of Fiber

13. Lipids Lipids – contain C, H, and O; C and H outnumber O; HYDROPHOBIC; Monomer – Glycerol/fatty acids –Triglycerides (neutral fats) – source of stored energy –Phospholipids – form cell membrane –Steroids – include cholesterol, vitamin D, and some hormones

14. Lipids Jobs Store large amounts of energy (have less O molecules, so more concentrated energy) Make up cell membranes because of physical structure of phospholipids (hydrophobic tails/hydrophilic heads) Send chemical messages through hormones

15. Protein Proteins – contain C, O, H, N and sometimes S and P; Monomer - amino acids –Account for over half of the body’s organic matter Provides for construction materials for body tissues Plays a vital role in cell function Enzymes = act as biological catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions –Consume proteins to build these tissues and create these enzymes, NOT FOR ENERGY

16. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids – provide the blueprint for life; make DNA and RNA; Monomer - Nucleotides: –Adenine –Guanine –Cytosine –Thymine – found only in DNA –Uracil – found only in RNA DNA = DeOxyRiboNucleic Acid – provides instruction for every protein in the body RNA = RiboNucleic Acid