1. Sociology Now 1 st Edition Kimmel/Aronson Society: Interactions Groups and Organizations 3 c h a p t e r BOOK COVER ART This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 We spend our lives both trying to fit in and trying to stand out. Sociology is interested in how we decide and how we go about both.

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Society: Putting Things in Context –contextualizing –society organized collection bounded by space same political authority shared sets of values/expectations –structured social interaction –identity construction –social structure

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality –social interaction Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self –imagine how we appear –conclusions/reactions of others –develop self identity

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality –“I” and “me” (Mead) Goffman and the “Dramaturgical” Self –presentation of self to others –impression management –dramaturgy –face work

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality Nonverbal Communication –body movements –gestures –facial expressions –placement in relation to others –laughter Verbal Communication –ethnomethodology “conversational shortcuts”

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Social Construction of Reality Patterns of Social Interaction –Exchange –Cooperation –Competition –Conflict –Coercion superordinate subordinate

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Elements of Social Structure Status –Ascribed Status –Achieved Status –Master Status Roles –expectations and performance –role strain –role conflict –role exit 1.Doubt 2.Search for alternatives 3.Departure 4.New role

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Groups –group formal or informal –dyad –crowd –group cohesion Groups and Identity

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Groups Types of Groups –Primary and Secondary expressive and instrumental –In-Groups and Out-Groups in-group heterogeneity out-group homogeneity –Reference Groups –Cliques “... when in-groups and out-groups are divided on the basis of race, nationality, gender or other ascribed status, relations become more severe and violent”

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Groups Group Dynamics –size matters leader hardcore members –Conformity –Diffusion of responsibility –Stereotyping  prejudice

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Social Networks –network lasting influence (Domhoff) looser and denser web (Simmel) Networks and Social Experience –support in times of stress or illness –“strength of weak ties” (Granovetter) Networks and Globalization “... online we can adopt new roles and statuses, changing not only our skills and interests, but our age, ethnicity, gender and sexuality at will.”

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations –organizations size purpose efficiency Types of Organizations –Normative Organizations –Coercive Organizations total institutions –Utilitarian Organizations

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations Are We a Nation of Joiners? –Democracy in America (de Tocqueville) –decrease in normative organization participation Organizations: Race and Gender Inequality? –rules favor some groups over others –criteria is not necessarily “neutral”

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations Bureaucracy: Organization and Power –Division of labor –Hierarchy of authority –Rules and regulations –Impersonality –Career ladders –Efficiency Figure 3.3

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations Problems with Bureaucracy –Overspecialization –Rigidity and inertia –Ritualism –Suppression of dissent –The bureaucratic “Catch-22”

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizations –bureaucratic personality –Bureaucracy and Accountability –Bureaucracy and Democracy –The “Iron Cage” of Bureaucracy Globalization and Organizations Groups ‘R’ Us: Groups and Interactions in the 21 st Century

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 What Does America Think?

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 What Does America Think?

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 What Does America Think?