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Published byArthur Payne Modified over 8 years ago
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Social Psychology
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How does society affect our thinking and actions?
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How do people explain behavior? n Fundamental attribution error – Overestimating the influence of personality – Underestimating the influence of situation
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How do our actions affect our attitudes? n The “foot-in-the-door” phenomenon – People who agree to a small action, will comply with a larger one later.
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How does the role we play affect our attitudes and actions? n Philip Zimbardo’s prison study – Students randomly assigned to be guards or prisoners – Guards acted like guards – Prisoners acted like prisoners – Study called off after only six days because participants were endangered by their role playing. – Result: Roles call for certain behavior if we play that role long enough we may become that type of person.
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How do our actions affect our attitudes? n Cognitive dissonance theory – Leon Festenger – Cognitive = thinking – Dissonance = Unresolved differences – When we act differently than we believe, we experience cognitive dissonance.
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Cognitive dissonance (cont.) n To reduce dissonance, we will change our attitudes (or behavior) to produce agreement. n We change our attitudes to justify past behavior.
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Cognitive dissonance (cont.)
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How do we influence each other? n Will you conform to group pressure?
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Solomon Asch conformity study n Comparing lengths of lines n People rejected what they could see, to conform with the group
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Obedience - Will you do what you are told even if it would hurt someone?
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Stanley Milgram’s shock experiments n Teachers - gave shock (15 - 450 volts) n Learners - received shock n Results: The majority of “teachers” ordered to shock the “learners” complied fully, and gave the highest level of shock.
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Stanley Milgram’s shock experiments (Cont.)
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What causes prejudice? n Scapegoat Theory – Frustration & feeling disadvantaged creates prejudice – “They caused my problems.” n The Cultural Theory of prejudice – Emery Borgardus – People well adjusted to a “culture of prejudice” become prejudiced.
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What causes aggression? n Frustration - aggression hypothesis – Frustration - anger - aggression – E.g. Hurting someone that frustrated you (not always physical)
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Have you ever been “In love”? n Sternberg’s theory of love – Intimacy – Passion – Commitment
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Have you ever been “In love”? n Passionate love – Fully absorbed with the other – “Walking on clouds” n Companionate love – A deep affectionate attachment to the other – Based on equity and self disclosure
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Will you help someone in an emergency? n The bystander effect – Kitty Genovese – Before helping, people must: n Notice the situation n Interpret it as an emergency n Assume responsibility
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Bystander effect (cont.) n The more people are available to help, the less chance any one person will help. n “Diffusion of responsibility”
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Why do we help? n Self interest n The “Social Exchange” theory – Cost - benefit analysis – Will the cost (money, time, discomfort) be less than the benefit (reduced guilt, social approval, good feelings). n Reciprocity norm – I give you something, I expect something back – Name stamps in contribution envelopes
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