1. Westward Expansion of the U.S. After the American revolution, Britain ceded all lands between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory to U.S. in 1803 for $15 million – Lewis & Clark map the territory 1804-1806 “Manifest Destiny” to occupy all lands from Pacific to Atlantic

3. Westward Expansion of the U.S. Andrew Jackson -Indian Removal Act of 1830 – By 1837 the Jackson administration had forcibly or manipulatively removed about 46,000 Native Americans to the “Indian Territory” – 1838-1839 Thousands died on Trail of Tears relocation of 800 miles Mexican-American War 1846-1848 – Texas declared independence from Mexico 1836 – Became a state 1845 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – $15 million Texas, New Mexico Territory, California

4. U.S. Civil War Missouri Compromise of 1820 – balance free & slave states Abraham Lincoln – “a house divided against itself cannot stand.” Slavery was the focus but real issues were – States rights vs. Federal government authority – Capitalist system vs. export-oriented economy 13 th amendment ratified 1865

5. Canadian Independence Without War Colonized by French & British British victory in Seven Years War but French Canadians outnumbered British Canadians. – Many compromises, like religion War of 1812 stimulated unity British North American Act of 1867 joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and formed federal government

7. Latin American Fragmentation Simon Bolivar’s idea of Gran Columbia did not materialize Latin American leaders had little experience with self-government. – Much turmoil – Less than 5% of male population active in politics Caudillos – regional military leaders – came to power, restored order. – Often popular, but also used terror as a tool of the government.

8. Mexico Mexican-American war caused turmoil La Reforma brought a new constitution – Universal male suffrage – Freedom of speech – Land reforms (that failed) Liberals and conservatives bitterly divided Napoleon III invades (unsuccessfully) Middle class joined with peasants & workers in a failed attempt to overthrow government in Mexican revolution (1910 – 1920)

9. American Economic Development

10. Migrations California gold rush of 1845, also Canadian gold rushes, attract migrants Others migrate to factories, railroad construction sites, plantations, support services

11. Economic Expansion British capital spurs vast expansion of U.S. industry Massive expansion of rail system: – Connected the vast size & economic diversity of the U.S. – Created a dense communication, transportation and distribution network

12. Economic Expansion British capital spurs vast expansion of U.S. industry Massive expansion of rail system: – Connected the vast size & economic diversity of the U.S. – Created a dense communication, transportation and distribution network – Set up time zones

13. Economic Expansion British & U.S. investments spurred economic growth in Canada Limited foreign investment in Latin Americas because of political instability & corruption

14. American Cultural Diversity

15. U.S. Societies U.S. population most culturally diverse in the hemisphere U.S. actions attempted to sever Native Americans from communal traditions and cultural practices – Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 shifts policies away from collective tribal reservations – Native children taken from families, enrolled in white-controlled boarding schools

16. U.S. Societies Slavery ended but discrimination remains Huge backlash to Reconstruction in southern states when northern armies left Between 1840 – 1914 about 25 million European migrants came to America

17. Diversity in Latin America Complex social structure, based on racial background – Europeans, natives, African slaves, and combinations thereof Increasing migration in nineteenth century from Asia Some conflicts between cosmopolitan cities and rural areas Symbol of rural culture: the gaucho cowboy