1. Biogeographic Realms and the Geography of Diversification March 11 th, 2014

2. Cosmopolitan

3. Endemic

4. Relict

5. Disjunctions

6. Faunal regions Floral regions Floral & faunal biogeographic regions

7. Evolution of Mammals Mammals first appeared 220 mya Small in size; egg layers Small size and warm-blooded physiology allowed some mammals to survive KT Extinction Adaptive radiation occurred as mammals evolved to fill the many vacant niches caused by the extinction of the dinosaurs

8. Marsupials and Placentals

9. Wombat Tasmanian devil Extinct marsupial lion opossum Marsupials

10. Monotremes Egg-laying mammals Have cloaca – serves as anus, urinary tract, and reproductive tract Animalia, chordata, mammalia, monotremata Platypus Spiny anteater

11. Wallace’s Line Biogeographic line – a line dividing biogeographic realms

12. North American Deserts

13. Islands Continental Islands – support plants and animals that are closely related to forms on the nearby mainland –Madagascar, New Zealand, British Isles Oceanic Islands – typically have biotas of lower taxonomic richness – often forms are endemics that are well differentiated from their apparent relatives on nearby continents –Hawaii, Galapagos

14. Convergence Convergent evolution – when distantly related organisms have independently evolved similar adaptations because they live in similar physical environments Euphorbia Cactaceae S.A. Cactaceae N.A.

15. Convergence