1. Amna khan Prof. Lauria 11/2/2015

2. What’s an adverb clause? Independent clause + Dependent clause (subject+ verb+ object) + (Subordinating conjunction + subject+ verb) Describes an action(verb) He went to bed because he was sleepy.

3. Reduction of adverb clauses to modifying Adverbial phrases Rule 1: Omit the subject of the dependent clause and be verb. Adverb clause: While I was driving to work, I got stuck in traffic. Modifying phrase: While driving to work, I got stuck in traffic Or, if there no be form of the verb, omit the subject and change the verb into – ing Adverb clause: Before I took the exam, I reviewed the notes Modifying phrase: Before taking the exam, I reviewed the notes.

4. An adverb clause can be changed into a modifying phrase only when the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same. Or, no change is possible if the subjects of the adverb clause and the main clause are different. Ex:- No change possible: While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.

5. Changing time clauses to modifying Adverbial phrases Clauses beginning with after, while, before and since can be reduced into modifying phrases. Examples: ‘’Since’’ Clause: Since Ellen returned to school, she has been very busy. “Since” Phrase: Since returning to school, Ellen has been very busy. “Before” Clause: Before Ellen returned to school, she had a lot of free time. “Before” Phrase: Before returning to school, Ellen had a free time. “After” Clause: After she (had) finished her classes, Ellen went to work. “After” Phrase: After finishing her classes, Ellen went to work. Or After having finished her classes, Ellen went to work.

6. Expressing the idea of “During the same time” in Modifying Adverbial Phrases Sometimes while is omitted, but the – ing phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning (i.e. “during the same time”). (a) While I was walking down the street, I ran into an old friend. (b) While walking down the street, I ran into an old friend. (c) Walking down the street, I ran into an old friend.

7. Expressing cause and effect in Modifying Adverbial phrases It is necessary to drop because when reducing a cause and effect clause to a phrase. Clause: Because she needed to buy a new car, Maria applied for a loan from the bank. Phrase: Needing to buy a new car, Maria applied for a loan from the bank. Notice omitted because in a phrase. Having+ past principle gives the meaning not only of “because” but also of “before”. Having seen that movie before, I don’t want to go again. Having seen that movie before, I didn’t want to go again. A form of be in the adverb clause may be changed to being. The use of being makes the cause and effect relationship clear. a) Because she was unable to afford a new car, she applied for a loan from the bank. b) Being unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle. c) Unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.

8. Using Upon + - ing in Modifying adverbial phrases Modifying adverbial phrases beginning with upon+ - ing usually have the same meaning as adverb clauses introduced by when. a) Upon reaching the age of 21, I received my inheritance. b) When I reached the age of 21, I received my inheritance. Examples a and b have the same meaning. Upon can be shortened to on. On reaching the age of 21, I received my inheritance. Examples a, b, and c have the same meaning.

9. Let’s Practice Workbook Page 181-2 Practice 3+4

10. Thank you!