1. Lecture 32Electro Mechanical System1 Assignment 10 Page 396 Problems 17-9, 17-14, and 17-15 Due Date: Thursday 28 th April, 2011 Quiz No.5 Next Week Quiz 5

2. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System2 Power factor rating  Most synchronous motors are designed to operate at unity pf.  If they also have to deliver reactive power, they are usually designed to operate at a full-load power factor of 0.8 (leading).  This kind of a motor can deliver reactive power equal to 75 percent of its rated mechanical load.  3000 kW motor can supply 75% X 3000 = 2250 kvar to the line at the same time as it develops its rated output of 3000 kW.  Motors designed to operate at leading pf are bigger and more costly than unity pf motors.  For a given horsepower rating, both the dc exciting current and the stator current are higher.  For a unity power factor motor operating at full-load. The line-to- neutral voltage is E ab and the line current is I p.The active power absorbed is, therefore: P = E ab I p  The active power absorbed is equal to the mechanical power of the motor.

3. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System3 Power factor rating  An 80% power factor motor also operating at full-load.  It develops the same mechanical power as before.  The line current I s leads E ab by arcos 0.8 = 36.87°.  This current can be broken up into two components I p and I q. I p = 0.8 I s and I q = 0.6 I s The active power P is given by: P = E ab I p = 0.8 E ab I s The reactive power delivered by the motor is: Q = E ab I q = 0.6 E ab I s soQ = 0.75 P (75% of rated mechanical output)  If we compare I p with I s we find that I s = 1.25 I p.  For the same mechanical power output, a motor designed for a leading power factor of 80% has to carry a line current that is 25% greater than one that operates at unity power factor.

4. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System4 V-curves  A synchronous motor is operating at its rated mechanical load. We wish to examine its behavior as the excitation is varied.  A change in excitation does not affect the speed, the mechanical power remains fixed.  Begin by adjusting the excitation I x so that the power factor is unity. We assume I x = 100 A and P = 800 kW.

5. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System5 V-curves  If we reduce the excitation to 70 A, the motor will draw reactive power from the line in addition to the active power.  We assume that S increases to S = 1000 kVA. As a result, the line current will increase from I P to I s1.  The component of I S1 in phase with E ab is the same as before because the motor is still developing the same mechanical power.  Current I S1 lags behind E ab, and so the power factor of the motor is lagging.  The field current I x in the rotor is smaller than before, but the apparent power S absorbed by the stator is greater.

6. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System6 V-curves  If we increase the excitation to I x = 200 A, the motor delivers reactive power to the line to which it is connected.  The apparent power is again greater than in the unity power factor case.  We assume S = 1000 kVA. Line current becomes I s2 and it leads E ab  The in-phase component of I s2 is still equal to I p because the mechanical power is the same.

7. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System7 V-curves  By varying the excitation, we can plot the apparent power of the synchronous motor as a function of the dc exciting current.  This yields a V-shaped curve.  The V-curve is always displayed for a fixed mechanical load.  The no-load V-curve is also shown, to illustrate the large reactive power that can be absorbed or delivered by simply changing the excitation.

8. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System8 Synchronous capacitor  A synchronous condenser (synchronous capacitor) is a synchronous motor running at no load  Only purpose is to absorb or deliver reactive power in order to stabilize the system voltage.  The machine acts as an enormous 3-phase capacitor or inductor the reactive power is varied by changing the dc field excitation.

9. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System9  Induction motors have excellent properties for speeds above 600 r/min. But at lower speeds they become heavy, costly, and have relatively low power factors and efficiencies.  Synchronous motors are attractive for low-speed because the pf can always be adjusted to 1.0 and the efficiency is high. More complex to build, their weight and cost are often less than induction motors of equal power and speed.  A synchronous motor can improve the power factor of a plant while carrying its rated load. Its starting torque can be made considerably greater than that of an induction motor by making the resistance of the squirrel-cage winding high without affecting the speed or efficiency at synchronous speed.  High-power electronic converters generating very low frequencies enable us to run synchronous motors at ultra-low speeds. Synchronous motor versus the induction motor

10. Lecture 35Electro Mechanical System10  Synchronous motors with their loads have large inertia may take several hours to stop after power has been disconnected from the power line.  To stop faster, we use following electrical or mechanical braking methods: 1)Maintain full dc excitation on rotor and short the 3-phase armature windings (stator windings), or 2)Maintain full dc excitation on rotor and connect the armature (stator windings) to a bank of external resistors, or 3)Apply mechanical braking, with electrical braking, the motor slows because the stored energy is dissipated into the resistive elements of the circuit. Mechanical braking is usually applied only after the motor has reached half speed or less.  In method 1 and 2 the motor slows down because it works as a generator, dissipating its energy in the resistive elements of the circuit. Stopping Synchronous Motor