2. Carbon foot print Carbon footprint (FP): is “the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product” (UK Carbon Trust 2008). Best estimate of full climate change impact of something Carbon – Usually talking about CO2e (CO2-eq) not actually just carbon Footprint – Total impact Everyone in this room has a FP

4. Greenhouses Gases Greenhouse gases are made out of:  water vapour  carbon dioxide  methane  nitrous oxide  ozone  chlorofluorocarbons They are all natural gases, but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans polluting.

6. CO2e Total climate change impact of all greenhouse gasses caused by item or activity 6

8. How do we remove this CO 2 ? Carbon sink: is a reservoir of carbon that accumulates and stores carbon for an indefinite period. The main sinks are: Absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans Photosynthesis by plants and algae to turn the carbon into plant matter Injection of CO 2 emissions deep into geological subsurface

9. Breakdown

10. Impact of Humans  Like all living things, humans exploit their surroundings for resources.  The world’s human population has passed 6 billion and continues to increase.  The growth in the human population and the increase in the standard of living are putting strains on the global environment.

11. non-renewable energy resources, such as coal, oil and natural gas, are being used up rapidly raw materials are being used up rapidly more waste is being produced more pollution is being caused Here are some of the ways in which this is happening

12. CountryCO 2 emissions [14] [14] Emission 14] 14] World34,500,0004.9 China 9,860,0007.1 United States 5,190,00016.4 India 1,970,0001.6 Russia 1,770,00012.4 Japan 1,320,00010.4 International transport1,060,000- Germany 810,0009.7 South Korea 640,00013.0 Canada 560,00016.0 United Kingdom 490,0007.7 Mexico 490,0004.0 Indonesia 490,0002.0 Saudi Arabia 460,00016.2 Brazil 460,0002.3 Australia 430,00018.8 Iran 410,0005.3 Italy 390,0006.3 France 370,0005.8 South Africa 330,0006.3 Poland 320,0008.4

13. Direct vs. indirect emissions Direct emissions of an item Manufacturing process Transportation of item to retailer Direct: burning natural gas in a furnace Indirect emissions Everything else Example: offices in the factory use paper clips made of steel that were mined and have their own carbon footprint and using electricity generated by a coal- fired power-plant 13

14. Typical personal carbon sources  Driving a car  Lights and heat  Travel  Food  Consumer goods  Building materials  Driving a car  Lights and heat  Travel  Food  Consumer goods  Building materials

15. The world-wide average is 4 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per person per year The average of all industrialised nations is about 11 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per person per year In the medium and long term, a world-wide average emission of maximum 2 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) per person per year must be targeted. This amount is nowadays considered to be the maximum allowed quantity for a sustainable living on earth. The international Global Carbon Project consortium has announced that global carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere will reach a record high of 35.6 billion tons in 2012

16. Context for numbers 1 gram of CO2e would be produced if you burned a pea sized blob of gasoline 1 Kilogram (2 lbs) of CO2e would be produced if you burned 2 cups of gasoline 1 Ton of CO2e would be produced if you burned 60 gallons of gasoline 16

17. Which type of orange juice would have the highest carbon footprint per pint? 1. Locally made at the restaurant 2. Store bought, locally bottled 3. Store bought, bottled elsewhere, imported long distances 17

18. Pint of beer Locally made at the restaurant 300g CO2e Store bought, locally bottled 500g CO2e Store bought, bottled elsewhere, imported long distances 900g CO2e 18

19. Which food would produce highest carbon footprint for cycling a mile? 1. Air-freighted asparagus 2. Beef 3. Bananas 19

20. The carbon footprint of manufacturing a new car is ____ compared to the carbon footprint of driving that car over its lifetime 1. Very small 2. Roughly equivalent 3. Very large 20

21. A new car Citroen C1, basic spec – 6 tons CO2e: Ford Mondeo, medium spec – 17 tons CO2e: Land Rover Discovery, top of the range – 35 tons CO2e: The CO2e emissions associated with producing the car are comparable to the CO2e emissions out of that car’s tailpipe over its lifetime 21

22. A web search Goggle estimates 0.2 g CO2e for the electricity it uses when you enter a search term 0.1g CO2e for 20 seconds of use from an efficient 20 watt laptop Local network and servers would use 0.1 g CO2e Maintenance on the whole system (replacing parts ect.) doubles the above figures Total = 0.8 g CO2e 22

23. A web search Desktop computers are more power Hungary ~150 watts 0.75 g CO2e for 20 seconds of use Increases in maintenance and network CO2e Total = 4.5 g CO2e Google accounts for just 0.2 g CO2e of that (4%) 23

24. Walking through a door Automatic door – 6.5 feet wide by 8 feet high – Stays open for 18 seconds Power from electric motors to open door is 1 g CO2e – If the temperature inside is equal to that outside then this is the entire carbon footprint – If it's cold outside (say 20°f) then the footprint jumps to 84 g CO2e because of the energy required to heat that air 24

25. Bananas Bananas have very low carbon footprints compared to other foods Grown in natural sunlight (not in a heated greenhouse) They don’t spoil quickly So instead of shipping them by plane, you can ship them by boat (1% the carbon footprint of flying) No packaging Total = 80 g CO2e if shipped from across the world 25

26. Efficiency, Productivity and the C footprint Improving productivity (i.e., animal protein output per unit of input) allows the livestock industry to reduce resource use and carbon emissions “dilution of maintenance” effect Maintenance nutrients may be considered a proxy for resource use (e.g., feed, land, water, and fossil fuels) and waste output [e.g., manure and greenhouse gases (GHG)]

27. Improved Dairy Productivity and C Footprint

28. Dairy Industry and C footprint Cows produce CH4 through enteric fermentation The link between climate change and livestock production is a relatively recent notion modern livestock production causes climate change Extensive systems akin to historical management are far more environmentally friendly

29. Food for thought? The CH4 and N2O emissions from enteric fermentation and manure produced by the 60 million American bison that roamed the US plains until mass slaughter in 1880 are equal to double the carbon produced by the US dairy industry in 2007

30. In 1944, the US dairy population peaked at 25.6 million dairy cattle, producing 53.0 billion kilograms of milk annually (USDA, 2009) Fed a pasture-based diet with occasional supplemental corn or soy Artificial insemination, antibiotics and supplemental hormones were not very popular

31. The 2007 US dairy herd contained 9.2 million cows producing 84.2 billion kilograms of milk per year Improvements in management, nutrition, and genetics led to a 4-fold increase in milk yield per cow between 1944 and 2007 proof of concept for the dilution of maintenance effect increased milk production per cow means that fewer lactating animals are required to produce a set quantity of milk and the size of the supporting herd (i.e., dry cows, bulls, and heifer and bull replacements) is also reduced.

32. Compared with 1944, the 2007 US dairy industry required only 21% of the dairy population and therefore 23% of the feedstuffs, 10% of the land, and 35% of the water to produce a set quantity of milk. Manure output per unit of milk produced in 2007 was 24% of that in 1944, and the total carbon footprint per unit of milk was reduced by 63%. Despite the increase in total milk production between 1944 and 2007, total carbon footprint of the US dairy industry was reduced by 41%.

33. 10 lbs of trash The average US citizen sends 1,250 lbs of garbage to landfills each year The average US citizen recycles 640 lbs of garbage each year Landfill emissions are produced when the garbage decomposes (methane) Sending metals, glass, plastics and paper to landfills (rather than recycling them) forces new materials to be produced for future products – It takes much more energy to make a new product from raw materials than it does to make one from recycled materials 33

34. 10 lbs of trash Garden waste 910 g (2 lbs) CO2e Average trash contents 3.1 kg (7 lbs) CO2e Aluminum and copper 41 kg (90 lbs) CO2e 34

35. Leaving the lights on Depends on where you are Iceland produces almost all of its electricity from fossil fuel free geothermal and hydroelectric power plants The US produces much more of its electricity from fossil fuels 35

36. Leaving the lights on Assuming US electricity generation Low energy bulb 1 year 90 kg (198 lbs) CO2e 100-watt incandescent bulb 1 year 500 kg (1,100 lbs) 36

37. Having a child The decision to reproduce ends up being one of the biggest carbon choices people ever make Assuming that the child lives to 75 Assuming the child lives a nationally typical lifestyle Assuming that GHG emissions are reduced in the coming decades 700 tons CO2e 150 tons for a carbon conscious child 2,000 tons for high-impact child 37

38. A forest fire If you chose to start a forest fire – One of only decision you could make that has a larger carbon impact than having a child – Your lifetime carbon footprint would increase by 1000s of times 2008 California forest fires – 231 million tons CO2e A certain portion of the carbon releases will be taken back over time as the forest re-grows 38

39. A bottle of water Most emissions come from packaging and transport 80 g CO2e just from the plastic 39

40. A bottle of water Locally sourced and using local distribution – 110 g CO2e Traveling 600 miles by road – 215 g CO2e Bottled water is 1000X more carbon intensive than tap water The world consumes 53 billion gallons of bottled water a year which accounts for 1/6 th of a percent of TOTAL world GHG emissions 40

41. 32 million acres of rainforest are cleared per year 17 percent of all human emissions Why? 35-45% Small farms 20-25% for cattle grazing 15-20% Intensive agriculture 10-15% logging ~5% other (urbanization, mining, roads, etc.) 41 2.5 Acres of Deforestation

42. 2.5 acres = 1 Hectare 500 tons of CO2e Equivalent to driving the average car 28 times around the world 42

43. 43 A Burger

44. The energy that you use to live and move around came from the sun. Which is a more efficient way to transfer energy from the sun to you? 44 1. : 2. : 3. 1 and 2 are equal

45. A Burger Animal products tend to be more carbon intensive than vegetables and grains because animals consume a lot of energy just to keep themselves warm and move around Converting animal feed into meat and milk is inherently inefficient 45

46. A Burger In addition to being inefficient… Cows/sheep are ruminants They belch out methane (CH4) Beef/lamb has double the carbon footprint (per kilogram of meet) of pork Excessive demand for meat provides an incentive for deforestation to provide more grazing land 46

47. Beef cheeseburger 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs) CO2e Veggie Burger 1 kg (2.2 lbs) CO2e If you ate nothing but cheeseburgers for a year, your carbon footprint from food alone would be 4.6 tons CO2e 47 A Burger

48. Using a cell phone Depends on how often you use it Components of footprint Manufacturing of phone 16 kg (35 lbs) CO2e Power over 2 years 6 kg (13 lbs) CO2e Energy required to transmit calls across network 66 kg (146 lbs) 48

49. Using a cell phone 1 minute cell-to-cell phone call has the same carbon footprint as an apple 49 =

50. Using a cell phone As of 2009 there were 2.7 billion cell phones in use (almost half the world) Cell phone calls account for about 125 million tons CO2e 1/4 th of a percent of global emissions Texting is a much lower carbon option 50

51. A Computer Machine itself – 2010 21.5-inch iMac 720 kg (1,590 lbs) CO2e Electricity consumption – 2010 21.5-inch iMac 69 g (0.2 lbs) CO2e per hour Use of servers and networks – 55 g (0.1 lbs) CO2e per hour Overall computing may be only a few % of your carbon footprint 51

52. A Computer (and using it) Most of the manufacturing footprint comes from the microprocessor The electricity emissions typically equal the footprint of manufacture after 15,000 hours 9 hours every day for 5 years 52

53. An International Flight Economy class 3.4 tons CO2e Average 4.6 tons CO2e First class 13.5 tons CO2e One trip is equivalent to 340,000 disposable plastic bags 53

54. An International Flight First class tickets are particularly high in impact because the seat uses up more of the plane and by paying more money you provide more of a commercial incentive for the flight 54

55. When a 747 takes off about 1/3 of its weight is fuel As the fuel burns, it creates 3 times its weight in CO2 55 An International Flight

56. Carbon footprint ranking 1) Forest fire – 100 million tons CO2e 2) Having a child – 700 tons CO2e 3) 2.5 Acres deforestation – 500 tons CO2e 4) A new car – 17 tons CO2e 5) Flight (LA to Spain) – 4.6 tons CO2e 6) A new computer – 720 kg CO2e 7) Road trip: SF to LA – 500 Kg CO2e 8) Light on for a year – 400 kg CO2e 9) $100 on groceries – 62 kg CO2e 10) Moderate cell phone use (year) – 47 kg CO2e 11) 10 lbs of trash – 3.1 kg CO2e 56 12)Beef cheeseburger – 2.5 kg CO2e 13)A pint of beer – 500g CO2e 14)Bottle of water – 200g CO2e 15)Cycling a mile – 100g CO2e 16)Banana – 80g CO2e 17)Walking through a door – 10g CO2e 18)A web search – 2g CO2e