1. Feb. 3, 2016 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN THE WEST

2. 7 TH -CENTURY EXPANSION WESTWARDS

3. MUSLIMS IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE  Tariq ibn Ziyad crosses Gibraltar in 711  Visigoths of Spain  720: Muslim conquest of Narbonne  732: battle of Tours and Poitiers  739-42: Berber revolts

4. MUSLIM CONQUEST OF SICILY (8 TH AND 9 TH C.)  Sustained pressure from North Africa (660s-740s)  Arab conquest of Sicily  Battle of Mazara (827)  Capital: Palermo  Transplantation of crops

5. THE CORDOBA UMAYYADS (756-1031)  Est. by `Abd al- Rahman (756-88)  Cordoba as capital  Old-school Arabs vs. newcomers?

6. THE FRONTIER ZONE IN SPAIN  Muslim = south Christian= north  Christian Principalities  The Marches  Upper (Zaragoza)  Middle (Toledo)  Lower (Merida)

7. UMAYYAD SPAIN AT ITS HEIGHT (912- 976)  `Abd al-Rahman III  Use of mercenaries (saqaliba)  Military expansion over Marches  Assumes title of caliph

8. JEWS, MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS IN SPAIN  Division along socio- economic lines?  Convivencia  Rise of Jews in Cordoba  Emergence of the mozarab (musta`ribun)

9. CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CORDOBA UMAYYADS  Religious and legal sciences Ibn Hazm (d. 1064) The Ring of the Dove (1022)  Literature  Art and architecture  Great mosque of Cordoba (784 -976)  Madina al-zahra (936)

10. THE PARTY KINGS (1009- 1061)  Collapse of the Umayyads  Rise of local governors in Marches  30 separate states (ta’ifas)  Berbers, Saqaliba, Andalusians  Reconquista  Led by King Alfsonso VI  El Cid = Christian hero?