2. CARBOHYDRATES 1. Monosaccharides. 2. Disaccharides. 3. Polysaccharides. 1. Monosaccharides. 2. Disaccharides. 3. Polysaccharides.

3. CARBOHYDRATES 1. MONOSACCHARIDES: ( PENTOSES, HEXOSES )  Pentoses (5-carbon compounds): Ribose, Deoxy-Ribose.  Hexoses (6-carbon compounds): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose. 1. MONOSACCHARIDES: ( PENTOSES, HEXOSES )  Pentoses (5-carbon compounds): Ribose, Deoxy-Ribose.  Hexoses (6-carbon compounds): Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.

4. CARBOHYDRATES 2. DISACCHARIDES: Maltose, Isomaltose, Lactose, Succrose. 3. POLYSACCHARIDES: Starch-plant source, straight-chain of glucose molecules Glycogene-animal source, branched chain of glucose molecules 2. DISACCHARIDES: Maltose, Isomaltose, Lactose, Succrose. 3. POLYSACCHARIDES: Starch-plant source, straight-chain of glucose molecules Glycogene-animal source, branched chain of glucose molecules

5. Mouth: salivary amylase converts polysaccharides into smaller saccharides.Doudenum: pancreatic amylase converts polysaccharides (starch, glycogene) into maltose, isomaltose.Mouth: salivary amylase converts polysaccharides into smaller saccharides.Doudenum: pancreatic amylase converts polysaccharides (starch, glycogene) into maltose, isomaltose.

6. Small intestine: Disaccharides are digested and absorbed. Maltose two Glucose molecules Isomaltose two Glucose molecules Succrose Glucose + Fructose Lactose Glucose + Galactose Glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed by small intestine by active process (ATP) into portal circulation leading to increased blood glucose level there, which stimulate β - cells of Langerhans to release insulin. Small intestine: Disaccharides are digested and absorbed. Maltose two Glucose molecules Isomaltose two Glucose molecules Succrose Glucose + Fructose Lactose Glucose + Galactose Glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed by small intestine by active process (ATP) into portal circulation leading to increased blood glucose level there, which stimulate β - cells of Langerhans to release insulin.

7. Insulin increases the entry of glucose into cells, therefore, controlling the normal glucose level between (60-110 mg/dl) (3.5-6.1 mmol/L) Insulin increases the entry of glucose into cells, therefore, controlling the normal glucose level between (60-110 mg/dl) (3.5-6.1 mmol/L)

8. glucose glucose-6-phosphate (station compound) Glycolysis pentose phosphate pathway Glycogene synthesis glucose glucose-6-phosphate (station compound) Glycolysis pentose phosphate pathway Glycogene synthesis Glucose -6- phosphate ( station compound )

9. Types of reactions 1.Irreversable reaction usually needs kinase enzyme usually there is a loss of ATP mol ATP ADP + Pi formation of essential product a reaction could be irreversable by a specific enzymes producing essensial product phenyl alanine PAH Tyrsonine

10. 2. Reversable the lot need ATP there is interconversion between the reactant and its product