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2. Fundamentals of Public Administration MPA - 406 FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood Lecture - 12

3. Reflection 3

4. 1973 Constitution of Pakistan 4 Public Service Commission The Public Service Commission, Article 242, gives provision of a body which is the recruiting agency for the Federal and Provincial Governments: “Parliament in relation to the affairs of the Federation, and the Provincial Assembly of a Province in relation to affairs of a Province, may, by law, provide for the Establishment of a Public Service Commission.”

5. 1973 Constitution of Pakistan 5 Conclusions The Constitution provides the framework for the government. It gives provision of the bodies that will make policies for the government. In fact, if we look at all the provisions studied we will find that it gives the structure for the three branches of the government i.e.: 1.executive, 2.legislative and 3.judiciary. It also provides for bodies like NEC and NFC, both of which are important bodies for making decisions of national significance.

6. Structure of Government 6  The cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister who is the Executive head of the government.  It has been stated that the President is the Head of the State and the Prime Minister helps him in decision making and  It is the Prime Minister who is responsible for running of government.

7. Structure of Government 7 Constitution comprise the National, Provincial Assemblies and the Senate. That is the Constitution gives the structure, formations, functioning and methods of National, Provincial Assemblies and the Senate. Constitution provides broad framework of government. The operational level functioning are regulated by the specific Acts which have to be placed before the legislature and approved.

8. Structure of Government 8 Organization Chart of Government  As mentioned earlier that the president is the head of the State.  The Prime Minister heads the Cabinet and the Cabinet comprises ministers.  The number of Ministers keeps varying.  Some time it is 29; sometime 16 and sometimes 39. These ministers head the ministries.

9. Structure of Government 9 Rules of Business  The question that can arise is, how ministries work.  The Constitution of the country under Article 90-99 states the formulation of ‘Rules of Business’.  This means that Rules have to be framed for the working of the ministries and divisions. Business’ means all work done by the Federal Government, and the Federal Government means all the ministries, divisions and attached departments and autonomous bodies etc.

10. Structure of Government 10 Rules of Business  Thus Rules of Business explain the responsibilities of the Secretary who heads the division.  Just as there are Rules of Business for the Federal Government, there are Rules of Business for the Provincial Governments

11. Structure of Government 11 Ministries of Federal Government: Following is the list of few selected ministries: 1. Cabinet Secretariat 2. Ministry of Commerce 3. Ministry of Culture, Sports & Youth Affairs 4. Ministry of Communication 5. Ministry of Defence Production 6. Ministry of Finance & Revenue 7. Ministry of Information & Technology 8. Ministry of Interior 9. Ministry of Housing and Works  The Cabinet Secretariat, is the Secretariat of the Cabinet, which maintain all its paper work.  Ministries cited above are indicative of the kind of work that government do.

12. Structure of Government 12 Structure of Ministry:  A Ministry is Division or Group of Division.  The Division is entrusted with one task: For example: Ministry of Finance has divisions like: Finance Division, Economic Affairs Division, statistics Division and Revenue Division.

13. Structure of Government 13 Main Functions of the Economic Affairs Division The main functions of the Economic Affairs division are as follows: 1. Negotiations with the foreign governments and organizations pertaining to economic assistance, and requirements. 2. Matters relating to technical assistance to/from foreign countries 3. Review and appraisal of international and regional economic trends and its impact on national economy

14. Structure of Government 14 Autonomous Bodies under Ministry of Finance Following are the Autonomous Bodies of Ministry of Finance: Monopoly Control Authority Nationalized Commercial Banks Pakistan Security Printing Corporation  Autonomous bodies are not administratively controlled by the Ministry.  These bodies have their own Board of Governors.  In this way they do not receive directives from the Ministry

15. Structure of Government 15 Conclusion By now structure for government should be fairly clear. The Federal executive branch comprises of ministers who head all ministries. The Federal Secretaries of the ministries assist the ministers in: a)formulation of policies, b)execute the policy, c)write proposal for legislation to be submitted to the cabinet, and d)keep the minister informed. The Minister is responsible for the working of the Division and in the question answer sessions of the National Assembly, he answers the questions raised on the working of the Ministry in the Assembly.

16. Public & Private Administration 16  It is said that the work in public organizations is guided by commitments to public service ideals.  This is the basic difference between public & private sectors.  However, public sector organization are involved with  management, and, for that reason, public administration is often confused with business management.

17. Public & Private Administration 17  Early writers in the field often suggested that government should become more like business.  The reason to express this device was that private sector organizations were considered more efficient and effective.  The reason to efficiency was often attributed to the profits earned.  Observers, therefore make the primary distinction between business and government i.e. of profit.

18. Public & Private Administration 18  While government is concerned with providing services or regulating individual or group’s behavior in the public interest.  The canvass and scope of government is much broader since it provides service to the citizens and not to specific customer.  For example Company that manufactures cars will be dealing with those who can afford cars.  While government provides roads which is used by those who have animal driven carts, bicycles, motorbike etc.

19. Public & Private Administration 19 Differences between the public and private sectors: The basic differences between the public and private sector are seven which are: 1. Constitutions 2. The Public Interest 3. Ambiguity 4. Pluralistic Decision Making 5. Visibility 6. The Market 7. Less efficient We will discuss these one by one:

20. Public & Private Administration 20 Constitution  In Pakistan, the federal constitution defines the environment of public administration and from it originates laws that affect.  The executive branch of the government tells that laws are to be legislated by the legislature and the public administration has to implement the laws and the policies.  In the case of private sector, there is no constitution. Although there is legal binding which has different nature and content.  Often the Federal Government will create a program and rely on the provinces to implement it. Such a situation is not found in private business.

21. Public & Private Administration 21 The Public Interest  Public interest is a good of larger number of people i.e., any good or service is provided which is used by large number of citizens.  Private interest is limited as compared to public interest.  Example: education for all vs. education for selected few.  Private sector will provide education to those who have the ability to pay, while government will provide education to all with low tuition fee.  Similarly the benefit of maintaining law and order is for all and not to the selected few.

22. Public & Private Administration 22 Ambiguity  In the private sector, profit is the basic measure of evaluating performance of organization in business.  The same is not true in public agencies, where making or losing money is not the main criterion for success or failure.  The objectives of public organizations are stated in terms of service provision.  For example, an agency’s mission may be to protect the quality of the environment or to provide an adequate level of rehabilitative services to the disabled.

23. Public & Private Administration 23 Ambiguity  In both the situations, the government may spend more and the purpose of spending may not be making profit but to provide service.  In this way, we see that the goals of public agencies are not as clear as private sector.  These goals are less quantifiable.

24. Public & Private Administration 24 Pluralistic Decision Making  Pluralistic decision making means when more than one type of groups is the beneficiaries or affectees.  Pluralism means that people belong to different ethnic, racial, regional, cultural backgrounds.  Since people are different ethnically and culturally, their demand and needs vary. There would also be divergent views on issues of public interest.  For example people of a region would need roads, while people of other region might need dams.

25. Public & Private Administration 25 Pluralistic Decision Making  Since the money available is the same. There is need to build consensus.  In private sector a company would decide to manufacture a two wheeled vehicle, keeping in view the income of buyer. It does not seek any consensus on that.  We can say pluralistic decision making of public sector is different from the private sector decision making.

26. Public & Private Administration 26 Visibility  In parliamentary democracies, managers operate with much greater visibility than their counterparts in industry because they are constantly being watched by the media.  One comes across reports in newspapers about the inefficient performance of some government departments that come in contact with public more frequently.  So inefficient, undemocratic, injustice behavior of public organizations get reported, unlike the behavior of managers in private organization.

27. Public & Private Administration 27 Visibility  Thus public manager’s actions become more visible as compared to the actions of private managers.  This difference is due to the fact that public manager’s action affects large number of people.

28. Public & Private Administration 28 The Market Another important difference between public and private sector is the arena of markets. Although government policies and actions affect markets, but government does not face same challenge of market as the private sector. T The distinct differences between public and private sector in this regard are: 1. Public agencies do not face competition of other firms as the private sector organizations would do. 2. Price of governmental operations is established through budgetary routines rather than fixed at the market. The prices of goods and services in the private sector are determined through the principle of demand and supply’.

29. Public & Private Administration 29 Less Efficient  There is often the allegation that public organizations are less efficient.  It means that public organizations do not maximize output with given resources.  This allegation is not new and because of this allegation there have been efforts to make public organizations as efficient as private organizations.

30. Public & Private Administration 30 Power There are different kinds of power that organizations possess. But the power of government is different. The distinctive power of government is as follows: 1. Power to regulate: government can regulate private sector by formulating laws. These laws are binding on private sector and they have to abide by it. 2. Power to coerce: only government has the power to use force and to put people behind bars for violating law. Thus power of punishment can only be used by government, and no private organization has this power.

31. Public & Private Administration 31 Power 3. Pervasiveness: the government laws and regulations have general applicability. The most common example of this is the application of traffic laws all over the country and its acceptability by all.

32. Thank you for your kind attention! Thank you for your kind attention! FACILITATOR Prof. Dr. Mohammad Majid Mahmood 32