1. Technologies of the Past TECHNOSPHERES

2. Hunting Gathering Societies

3. Energy sources: human muscle power, fire Total energy use: 2,000-5000 kcal / person / day (mostly from diet) World population: less than 1 million people Life expectancy: ~ 30 years Social grouping: communal ~50 individuals, nomadic Food sources: fruits, seeds, berries, wild animals (subsistence) Material culture: stone (Paleolithic), bone, leather, fur Environmental problems: related to basic survival, extreme vulnerability to predators, natural disasters, environmental changes

4. Agricultural Societies The Gleaners - 1857, Jean-François Millet

5. Agricultural Societies Energy sources: animal power, water power, wind, fire Total energy use: 12,000-20,000 kcal / person / day World population: growing to 500 million by 1500 AD Life expectancy: ~ 35 years Social grouping: villages, towns, cities -- sedentary Food sources: domesticated crops and animals Material culture: (Neolithic) bronze, iron, wood, wool, leather, accumulation of goods Cultural products: writing, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, religions Social problems: centralization of power, war, slavery Environmental problems: disease, pestilence, overgrazing, desertification, overshoot and collapse

6. Industrial Societies LATE

7. Industrial Societies EARLYLATE Energy sources:charcoal, coaloil, nuclear Energy use (kcal/p/d): 60,000230,000 (U.S.) World population:1 billion - 18504 billion - 1975 2 billion – 1945 8 billion - 2017 Life expectancy:~ 45 years in 1900~ 60 in 1990 ~ 75 in U.S. Material culture:iron and steelaluminum, plastics disposables mass mass production consumption

8. Social grouping:increasingly urban with vastly more international travel, breakdown of tribal and family groups. Food sources: Increasingly processed, mass produced, and marketed. Humanity separated from the land; genetically engineered crops. Cultural products: Techno-science, info-tainment, individualism. Social problems: Haves and have-nots, total industrial war, racial & ethnic hatreds. Environ. problems: Urban air and water pollution, deforestation, increasingly toxic wastes, regional and global pollution, threats to ozone and oceans. World rate of population growth: 3 per second, 10,000 per class period, 250,000 per day, 1.8 million per week, 100 million per year, 1 billion per decade. LATE INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

9. ERAENERGYMATERIALSARTIFACTSMETAPHOR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PaleolithicMuscleStone/BoneStone toolsSurvival 40,000-10,000 BC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Eotechnic or NeolithicWaterMetalsClipper ShipAgriculture 10,000 BC WindWood Water WheelArtisans -1750 AD AnimalsCloth/ Leather Violin ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PaleotechnicSteamCoalRailroadsIndustry 1750-1930 SteelFactoriesPollution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NeotechnicElectricityAluminumAutomobilesHigh-tech 1930-2000OilPlasticsAirplanesToxics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EcotechnicRenewableRecyclableLess is moreSustainabilty 21st C? Solar/ WindBiodegradable Or Biotechnic, Nanotechnic, Cybertechnic, Geotechnic, etc.? Adapted from Lewis Mumford, Technics and Civilization(1934).

10. Eo-Technic Era

11. Industrial Societies EARLY

12. Paleo-Technic Era

13. Neo-Technic Era

14. Going beyond Mumford: Eco-Technic* Era? *The term “Eco-technic” implies that humans will always engage in technological innovation, yet we must always live within an ecosystem.

15. Eco-technic? Bio-technic? Nano-technic? Cyber-technic? Geo-technic?

16. Assignment Start reading Snow, Two Cultures Nye chapter 4