1. HEARING 3 4

2. SOUND

3. SOUND: PITCH Sound travels 343 m per second (1,125 ft/s) High Pitch Low Pitch 1 Sec 1 Hertz (Hz) = Number of Waves that Pass a Point in 1 sec

4. SOUND: HEARING RANGE Human Hearing Range: __________ : ___________ (16Hz)

5. SOUND: VOLUME Low Volume High Volume ‘Hoo Hoo’

6. Fig. 1-5 in Podulka et al. 2004 External Ear: Auricular Feathers and Ear Opening

7. 12 Ear Opening 5

8. Fig. 4-48 in Podulka et al. 2004 Three Regions of Ear: (External Ear, Middle Ear, Inner Ear)

9. External Ear: Tympanic Membrane

10. Fig. 7-4 in Gill 2007 Middle Ear: Columella Humans

11. Middle Ear: Eustachian Tube (= Auditory Tube)

12. Inner Ear: Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals (Vestibular Window = Oval Window; Cochlear Window = Round Window) Fig. 4-49 in Podulka et al. 2004

13. Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth, Membranous Labyrinth (Perilymph, Endolymph)

14. Fig. 4-50 in Podulka et al. 2004 Cochlea: Vestibular Canal, Tympanic Canal, Cochlear Duct

15. Cochlear Duct: Tectorial Membrane, Basilar Papilla, Hair Cells

16. Sound Perception: Pitch Fig. 4-51 in Podulka et al. 2004

17. Sound Perception: Loudness Fig. 4-51 in Podulka et al. 2007

18. Cochlea: Cochlear Window (= Round Window)

19. Fig. 4-50 in Podulka et al. 2004 Hearing: Transmission to Brain Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Proctor and Lynch 1993, p. 243

20. Hearing Ability: Frequency Humans: (16) 20 – 20,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz) Birds: 40 – 29,000 vibrations per sec (Hertz) (Typically, 1,000 – 5,000 Hertz)

21. Hearing Ability: Frequency X Intensity Fig. 7-5 in Gill 2007

22. Echolocation

23. Hearing Ability: Echolocation Edible-Nest Swiftlets Oilbirds 2-10 kH

24. Pinpointing Sound Location Fig. 7-6 in Gill 2007 Fig. 4-47 in Podulka et al. 2004

25. Avian Hearing OUTER EAR Auricular Feathers Ear Opening Tympanic Membrane MIDDLE EAR Columella Eustachian Tube INNER EAR Vestibular Window (Oval Window) Semicircular Canals Vestibule Cochlea Bony Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Perilymph Endolymph Vestibular Canal Tympanic Canal Cochlear Duct Tectorial Membrane Basilar Papillae Hair Cells Cochlear Window (Round Window) Vestibulocochlear Nerve SOUND Pitch Wavelength Frequency Amplitude Hertz Ultrasound Infrasound

26. 1011 EQUILIBRIUM

27. Equilibrium: Gravity (Vestibule, Utriculus, Sacculus, Statoconia, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells) Fig. 4-49 in Podulka et al. 2004

28. Equilibrium: Movement (Semicircular Canals, Ampulla, Gelatinous Material, Hair Cells)

29. Avian Equilibrium GRAVITY PERCEPTION Vestibule Utriculus Sacculus Statoconia Gelatinous Material Hair Cells MOVEMENT PERCEPTION Semicircular Canals Ampulla Gelatinous Material Hair Cells

30. Olfaction (Smell)

31. Leach’s Storm Petrel Fulmar Olfaction (Smell)

32. Leach’s Storm Petrel Olfaction (Smell)

33. Crested Auklet

34. Olfaction: Olfactory Epithelium

35. Fig. 4-55 in Podulka et al. 2004 Range of Olfactory Bulb Size

36. Taste

37. TASTE Fig. 4-56 in Podulka et al. 2004

38. 12 13 14

39. MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH)

40. Skin Nerve Endings

41. MECHANORECEPTION (TOUCH) 15 Nerve Endings (“Corpuscles”)

42. Mechanoreception: Herbst Corpuscles Fig. 7-7 in Gill 2007

43. 1 http://www.owlpages.com/pictures/articles-Owl+Physiology-Hearing-2.jpg 2 http://www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com/barn_owl.jpg 3 http://www.kahle.org/tweeters/images/Bewicks_Wren.jpg 4 http://www.fcps.k12.va.us/StratfordLandingES/Ecology/Birds/Red-winged% 20Blackbird/behavi19.jpg 5 http://www.pycomall.com/images/P/01-50.jpg 6 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=14303&rendTypeId=4 7 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=9157&rendTypeId=4 8 http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2007/02/a2%20OILBIRD.jpg 9 http://www.wildsound-filmmaking-feedback-events.com/images/swiflet.jpg

44. 10 http://www.pegsteunenberg.com/images/peregrine_falcon_01.jpg 11 http://whatbird.wbu.com/img/4/274/image.aspx?x=250 12 http://steveandamysly.tannerworld.com/databank/image_fantagrape1.jpg 13 http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11786246/Chewing_Gum.jpg 14 http://www.calliebowdish.com/Birds/SnowGeese112405OM_2611.jpg 15 http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/Free_nerve_endings.jpg 16 http://www.birdwatching-bliss.com/images/feathers.jpg