1. 3/12/2013Computer Engg, IIT(BHU)1 PARALLEL COMPUTERS- 1

2. INTRODUCTION A parallel computer is either a single computer with more than one processor or group of computers to run any application

3. TYPES OF PARALLEL COMPUTERS There are basically two types of parallel computers -multiprocessor system -multicomputer system

4. MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM Through interconnection networks multiple processors are joined Each processor shares a global address space Each processor has a local memory For communication between Pi and Pj, Pi first writes in the shared address space then Pj reads it from the shared address space

5. A MULTIPROCESSOR MODEL Shared Address Space INTERCONNECTION NETWORK P1P1 P2P2 P3P3 PnPn

6. A high level language with parallel programming constructs and compiler directive can be used for programming in such a multiprocessor system Threads(regular high level code sequences for individual processors) can also be used for the programming

7. EXAMPLES OF MULTIPTOCESSORS Dual Pentium Quad Pentium etc.

8. ADVANTAGE -Data is easily shared DISADVANTAGE -Hardware implementation is difficult

9. Large shared memory multiprocessor system may have hierarchical and distributed memory In hierarchical memory arrangement accessing nearby memory locations is much faster, hence termed as NUMA “Non Uniform Memory Access” Similarly UMA provides “Unform Memory Access”

10. MULTICOMPUTER SYSTEM Complete computers are connected through interconnection networks Each computer has a processor and local memory With the help of interconnection networks, computer communicate with each other Memory of a computer is not accessible by other processor

11. Computers communicate by passing messages A message is nothing but data or instruction to be sent

12. Chip Multiprocessor There is considerable diversity among parallel machines One of the today’s popular parallel architectures is Multi Core architecture Multiple instruction execution engines are fabricated on a single chip These engines are known as Cores

13. Features of Intel Core Duo Two 32-bit Pentium processors on a single chip Each processor has its own L1 data and instruction cache Shared L2 cache Shared memory controller, I/O controller Fast communication between two through shared memory

14. LOGICAL ORGANIZATION OF INTEL CORE DUO FRONT SIDEBUS MEMORY BUS CONTROLLER L 2 CACHE P1P1 P2P2 L 1 -IL 1 -DL 1 -IL 1 -D

15. Other Parallel Computing Scenarios Cluster computing Distributed computing Grid computing Cloud computing

16. Cluster computing Cluster: Multiple interconnected personal computers as parallel computing platform - Interconnects are available in several forms including Gigabit ethrrnet, Myrinet, Infinibands, Fiber channels etc. - Processor communicates with other processor by passing messsages

17. A TYPICAL CLUSTER Connection to other computers & switches in network COMPUTERS ETHERNET SWITCH

18. Advantages Advantages over most other forms of High Performance Computing: High scalability (Latest processors can easily be incorpoated) Fault tolerance Memory is not shared among the machines

19. Distributed Computing Multiple autonomous computer work together to achieve a common goal Autonomous computers communicate through a computer network It runs as a single system

20. A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM : NODE

21. In distributed computing each processor has its own private memory compared to parallel computers which has shared memory. Shared Memory P1P1 P2P2 PnPn

22. Benefits Over Centralized System Scalability: System is easily expanded by adding more machines Redundancy: Several machines solve same problem

23. Grid Computing Notion of computing grid arose in the early 1990’s Like Power Grid where anyone can tap into, without worrying how the power is obtained and transmitted, A computing grid provides computational power hiding other details from the user Resources located at different place participate in a grid Grid computing harnesses the CPU cycles of the computers in a network to solve a problem

24. Primary Attributes of a Grid Ian foster listed 3 primary attributes of a grid: Computing resources are not administered centrally Open standards are used Non-trivial quality of service is achieved

25. GARUDA Grid India’s first national grid initiative Academicians, researchers together develop their data and compute intensive applications GARUDA is a SOA based cyber infrastructure connecting computational nodes, mass storage and scientific instruments

26. Cloud Computing Cloud uses internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications Provides computation, software, data access and storage resources A cloud can be used through a web browser or simple desktop/mobile apps.

27. Cloud Computing Service Models Application Infrastructure Platform Server Tablet Laptop Mobile Desktop

28. REFERENCES Wilkinson