1. Kingdoms and Crusades 15-3 Alfred the Great: United Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (871-899) Drove out the Vikings founded schools/ hired scholars to rewrite Angleland or England France: Vikings conquered part became Normandy (Norseman) King William the Conqueror: Descendant of Vikings Cousin to king Edward of England Defeats H.G. at Battle of Hastings In England gives land to royal knights 4 loyalty Census = 1 st since Romans (people, manors, farm animals)

2. England King Henry II (1154-1189) Using law courts to increase his power as King Central courts with trained lawyers & Judges Circuit Judges to travel around and hear cases Established Common Law (same throughout the land) Grand Jury: Decides if an individual should be accused of a crime Trial Jury: Decides if accused person is guilty or innocent

3. King John (1199) Raised taxes and punished enemies w/o trial (Nobles very unhappy) Magna Carta: 1215 Nobles meet w/ John at Runnymede (forced to sign) Restricted Powers: can’t raise tax w/o permission Great Council Accused Freemen: had right of trial by their peers or equals Stated both King and Vassals had certain rights Established: people have rights & power of gov’t is limited

4. King Edward (England) Parliament: at 1 st a gathering of people whose job it was to advise and make laws. Eventually became known as Parliament, an important first step towards a “Representative government.” Two Houses: House of Lords: (high ranking Lords & church officials) House of Commons: Knights & Townspeople