1. { Types of Groups and Social Networks

2.  Primary Groups  Secondary Groups  In-Groups and Out-Groups  Reference Groups  Social Networks Groups within Society

3.  Primary groups: By providing intimate, face- to-face interaction, your primary groups have given you an identity, a feeling of who you are.  No matter how far you move away from your childhood roots, your early primary groups will remain “inside” you. There, they will continue to form part of the perspective from which you look out onto the world. Primary Groups

4. The outstanding trait that these three people have in common does not make them a group, but a category.

5. Primary groups such as the family play a key role in the development of the self. As a small group, the family also serves as a buffer from the often-threatening larger group known as society. The family has been of primary significance in forming the basic orientations of this couple, as it will be for their son.

6.  Secondary groups are larger, more anonymous, and more formal and impersonal.  These groups are based on shared interests or activities, and their members are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses, such as president, manager, worker, or student.  They often fail to satisfy our deep needs for intimate association. Consequently, secondary groups tend to break down into primary groups. Secondary Groups

7. Secondary groups are larger and more anonymous, formal, and impersonal than primary groups. Why are these cyclists lined up at the start of a race an example of a secondary group?

8. Aggregates are people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.

9. How our participation in social groups shapes our self-concept is a focus of symbolic interactionists. In this process, knowing who we are not is as significant as knowing who we are.

10.  In-groups  We feel loyalty  Shape our perception of right and wrong  “Us”  Out-groups  We feel antagonism  “Them” In-Groups and Out-Groups

11.  People use reference groups, the groups we refer to when we evaluate ourselves.  Social mobility may put us in positions whereby we experience inner turmoil because our reference groups (new vs. old) do not align. Reference Groups

12. All of us have reference groups—the groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves. How do you think the reference groups of these members of the KKK who are demonstrating in Jaspar, Texas, differ from those of the police officer who is protecting their right of free speech? Although the KKK and this police officer use different groups to evaluate their attitudes and behaviors, the process is the same.

13.  Social network: people who are linked to one another. Your social network includes your family, friends, acquaintances, people at work and school, and even “friends of friends.”  The “six degrees” phrase is based on the idea of social networks, that people are connected through the people they know.  The analysis of social networks has become part of applied sociology.  An interesting application is its use to reduce gang violence. When a gang member is shot, the gang retaliates by shooting members of the rival gang. This leads to endless violence, with each trying to even the score. Social Networks

14. The smallest part of social networks is our friends and acquaintances, the people we hang out with and do things together. This part of our social networks overlaps with and forms a core part of our reference groups. From these two photos, can you see how the reference groups and social networks of these youths are not likely to lead them to the same social destination?

15. These L.A. high school football players are filing by the casket of a teammate who was shot by a gang member. How is network analysis being used to reduce such senseless deaths?

16.  Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy  Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior  Leadership  The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment Group Dynamics

17.  The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment  Global Consequences of Group Dynamics: Groupthink Group Dynamics Continued

18.  Dyad: Two People  Triad: Three People  Stability  Coalitions  More Group Members  More Stability Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy

19. Similarity of appearance, activity, and belief help to fuse group identity and loyalty. These Buddhist monks in Myanmar are on their way to collect alms.

20. When people learn of opportunities, they share this information with their networks. Opportunities then flow to people whose characteristics are similar to theirs.

21. Group size has a significant influence on how people interact. When a group changes from a dyad (two people) to a triad (three people), the relationships among the participants undergo a shift. How do you think the birth of this child affected the relationship between the mother and father?

22.  Increase in Size Increases Formality  Increase in Size Diffuses Responsibility Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior

24. As I was walking in Vienna, a city of almost 2 million people, I heard a crashing noise behind me. I turned, and seeing that a man had fallen to the sidewalk, quickly snapped this picture. You can see strangers beginning to help the man. This photo was taken about three seconds after the man fell. Through the Author’s Lens Helping a Stranger

25. Two strangers are helping the man, with another two ready to pitch in. They have all stopped whatever they were doing to help a man they did not know.

26. The man is now on his feet, but still a bit shaky. The two who have helped him up are still expressing their concern, especially the young woman.

27. By this point, the police officer has noticed that I have been taking photos. You can see him coming toward me, his hand on whatever he is carrying at his hip, his shoulders back, glowering and ready for a confrontation. He asked, “What are you doing?” I said, “I am taking pictures” (as though he couldn’t see this). He asked, “Do you have to take pictures of this man?” I said, “Yes,” and hoping to defuse the situation, added, “I’m a sociologist, and I’m documenting how people help each other in Vienna.” He grunted and turned away. This photo really completes the series, as this individual was acting as the guardian of the community, placing a barrier of protection around the participants in this little drama.

28.  Types of Leaders  Instrumental: tries to keep the group moving toward its goal  Expressive: usually is not recognized as a leader, but he or she certainly is one  Leadership Style  Authoritarian: an individual who leads by giving orders.  Democratic: an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus.  Laissez-faire: an individual who leads by being highly permissive. Leadership