1. Classical Mediterranean

3. Mediterranean Traditions  Persian  Greek / Hellenistic  Roman

4. Persian Empire (Achaemenid) ~550 BCE - ~330 BCE  Established by Cyrus the Great, great King Darius, capital at Persepolis  Modern day Iran/Afghanistan/Pakistan regions  Neighbor and rival of Greek city states (Persian wars ~500-450 BCE)  Political Styles –Tolerance for other cultures –Authoritarianism –Infrastructure, especially roads –Bureaucracy  Advanced iron technology  Unique artistic style  Zoroastrianism  Overthrown by Alexander the Great  Later Sassanid Empire (227 CE – 600s CE) during Roman period preserves Persian culture

5. The Persian Empire

7. Zoroastrianism  Monotheistic religion (the first? Judaism ~1200s BCE)  Emerged as early as 1700 BCE, codified by Zoroaster/Zarathustra (c. 630-550 BCE)  Gathas – sacred literature  Ahuramazda – creator and benevolent deity  Angra Mainyu (evil spirit)  Magi – religious priests  Cosmic struggle between good and evil, humanity punished or rewarded in afterlife for their actions  Religious justification for political rule (somewhat similar to Mandate of Heaven)

8. Civilization in Mediterranean Region  Greeks began with city-states due to geography (mountains & coast)  Oceanic trade on Mediterranean Sea connected the region  Both Greece and Rome created empires based on conquest..

9. Greece  Phoenecian cultural influences (alphabet, seafaring)  Mycenaen Kingdom (~1400 BCE) –Culture preserved in Homer’s epics Iliad & Odyssey  Greek city-states (polis) develop 800- 600 BCE –Mountains & coastlines help fragment Greece & prevent political unity –Trade, commerce, and connections b/n city- states helps develop a common “Greek” culture (similar language, alphabet, religion, customs, Olympic Games, etc.)

11. Sparta –vs- Athens  Sparta – military aristocracy conquers and controls neighboring regions (slavery)  Athens – commercial, diverse, also used slaves, artistic and intellectual achievements, limited democracy allowed adult male citizens to select officials and pass laws (Pericles 400s BCE)  Persian wars (common enemy) ~500s-450 BCE  Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BCE) b/n Athens and Sparta

12. Greece and Greek Colonies, c. 431 B.C.E.

13. The Hellenistic Period  Phillip II of the northern kingdom of Macedon conquered Athens and Sparta and gained control of the Greek peninsula (330s BCE)  His son Alexander (the Great) extended the empire as far as the borders of India  Alexander died young and his empire was divided into several Hellenistic Kingdoms for the next few centuries.  Greek culture spread throughout the Mediterranean world and Middle East during this “Hellenistic” Era

14. Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World, c. 323 B.C.E.

15. Greek (Hellenistic) Civilization in Mediterranean, 240 BCE

16. Rome –Roman Republic from 509 B.C.E.  Military emphasis  Punic Wars, against Carthage (264-146 B.C.E.) –Empire  Julius Caesar victory over rivals, 45 B.C.E.  Augustus Caesar, rules from 27 B.C.E.  Empire strong to about 180 C.E.  Renewed vigor under Diocletian, Constantine Patterns of Greek and Roman History

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19. Greek and Roman Political Institutions Greece – The Polis –Athens - direct democracy – the assembly  Lottery for positions  Citizen body a minority of the population –Most city states were oligarchies  Aristocratic assemblies  Sparta

20. Greek and Roman Political Institutions Rome –Balance –Senate – dominated by aristocrats –Consuls –Dictator

21. Greek and Roman Political Institutions Political Theory in Ancient Greece and Rome –Duties of citizens, political ethics, oratory –Participation stressed –Comparison of the merits of different forms –Romans developed law code  Twelve Tables, by 450 B.C.E.  Law comes to take the place of fathers  Spread of code to empire, and citizenship

22. Greek and Roman Political Institutions Roles of Government –Public works  Help to unite empire –Maintaining law courts, police power –Official religion

23. Religion and Culture Religious Values –Religion largely concerned with the here and now –Mystery religions offered a more spiritual approach –Division between elite and popular belief

24. Religion and Culture Philosophy –Provided a system of ethical behavior –Aristotle, Cicero  Stressed balance –Stoics stress inner life

25. Religion and Culture Science and Philosophy –Socrates – encouraged questioning –Speculation on the physical world  Theories about the universe, the nature of matter –Mathematics, especially geometry –Hellenistic period  More empirical work in physics  Euclid, Galen

26. Religion and Culture The Arts –Drama: comedy and tragedy  Balance between virtue and emotions  Sophocles Oedipus the King –Epics, the Iliad, Odyssey –Architecture –Roman engineering

27. Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Agriculture and Trade –Constant trend to market farming  Led to trade  Grain from Egypt –Merchants  Officially, legally respected  Not socially esteemed

28. Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Slavery –From conquest –Becomes a motive for expansion –Technological innovation in farming lacking  Unfavorable trade balance with eastern Asia

29. Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Family –Patriarchal –Women have economic role  Some women active in commerce  Women could own property

30. A Complex Legacy What Survived? –Enduring ideas –No polities –Direct and indirect  Consciously imitated, revived  Mingled with Middle Eastern legacy

31. Global Connections: Persia, Greece, Rome, and the World  Persia –Maintained contact between East and West  Greece –Traders, expansionist –Alexander the Great  New contacts between Mediterranean, Persia, India  Rome –Variety of contacts

32.  Detailed info on Roman politics

33. Roman Republic & Constitution  Roman nobility established a republic in 509 BCE  Built Roman Forum = political and civic center  Republican constitution  Executive responsibilities in 2 Consuls –Held civil & military power –Consuls elected by assembly of aristocrats (patricians) –Senate of aristocrats advised Consuls & ratified decision  Most prominent political & military leaders  Largely controlled Roman public affairs  Mostly served interests of the wealthy  Plebians (commoners) objected > class conflict –Plebians given more rights in 5th & 4th BCE –Patricians still dominated Rome  Dictator wielded absolute power for 6 months if “military crisis”

34. Expansion of the Republic  Rome surrounded by invaders  Rome first established a large regional state in Italy  Roman control of entire Italian peninsula (4th century BCE) –Established military colonies –Generous policies toward conquered peoples  Taxes, local rule, and trade were established  Conflict and conquest in larger Mediterranean –Punic wars with Carthaginians (N. Africa)  Destroyed Carthage, took slaves, took “stuff” –Conflict with Greeks  5 major wars  Controlled most of the Med. By 2nd BCE

35. The Failure of the Republic  Warfare and territorial expansion undermined the foundations of the Roman Republic  Wealth and power were increasingly concentrated in the hands of the upper classes, resulting in the decline of the peasant farmer / soldier class.  The military became increasingly loyal to their commanders, as opposed to the Senate.  Some of these generals used their armies to increase their own personal power and wealth, at the expense of the state.

36. The Formation of the Roman Empire  By 31 BCE, Octavian (heir of Julius Caesar), had eliminated all rivals and seized power.  Known as Augustus, he was the first of the Roman Emperors.  Subtly concentrated power in his hands, while maintaining the appearance of the Republic.  Allied himself with the Equities – the second most powerful group below the Senatorial class.

37. Roman Civilization

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