1. CONTEMPT OF COURT

2. Substantial risk and serious prejudice  The Contempt of Court Act exists to ensure the course of justice is not impeded or perverted and to ensure people have a fair trial.  We are in danger of breaching the Act is we create a “substantial risk of serious prejudice”. And conviction carries a jail sentence!  We are at risk when a case is “active” which means:  A person has been arrested or a warrant for arrest has been issued  A summons is issued  A person is charged orally with a crime

3. Substantial risk and serious prejudice 2  A case ceases to be active when:  The arrested person is released without charge  There’s no arrest within 12 months of the warrant  The case is discontinued  The person is acquitted or sentenced  He/she is found unfit to be tried  The period between verdict and sentence is technically active but sentence is passed by a judge who is deemed to be “above prejudice”.  The case becomes active again when an appeal is lodged but appeals are heard by judges. It’s very definitely active again is a re-trial is ordered.

4. So what is “substantial and what is “serious”?  The defendant’s previous convictions or suggestions of his dishonesty or bad character  Any evidence linking him directly with the crime  Any suggestion that he is guilty  Photographs or descriptions may also be a problem  So what can we say?  His name and the charge  Basic details of the crime – facts unlikely to be challenged  Basic background info – his occupation, former school, etc  Tributes, memorials, funerals, etc  REMEMBER – the nearer the trial becomes the more risk you run

5. So what is “substantial and what is “serious”?  Once a case goes “active” journalists need to exercise great care – including being aware of what interviewees, contributors, phone-in callers, etc, may say  Online is a problem. News websites must take down the “sidebars” which point users to previous stories – they may well now be prejudicial.  Sometimes there is an order to remove the material totally from a website  However…….if somebody wants to find previous stories, they will. There have been examples of jurors searching the web for details of their cases.  The “fade factor” means the nearer the trial, the greater your problems.

6. CIVIL CASES  Civil cases are deemed to be active from the time a date for the hearing or trial is fixed  The risk of contempt is much lower – civil cases are generally heard by judges and not juries – and judges are deemed to be above prejudice  However, we should still be wary of affecting future witnesses if we publish too much detail of the case prior to the trial. Their evidence could then be tainted by what they’ve read or heard.  If you’re told a case is “sub judice” this means legal action has begun. It doesn’t necessarily mean the case is yet active.  The active period for civil cases ends when the matter is resolved – “disposed of” – withdrawn or abandoned.

7. CONTEMPT DEFENCES  There are far fewer defences to contempt than to libel. And it’s important not to mix them up.  Section 3 defence says you should be protected if, having taken all reasonable care, you had no reason to suppose proceedings were active. It’s important when covering a crime story to check regularly with the police to ensure the case hasn’t gone active.  Section 5 – “discussion of public affairs” says we should be protected if the risk to an active case is “merely incidental”. In other words if a story in the public interest relates to an on- going case we don’t necessarily have to ignore it. However, we shouldn’t mention the active case.

8. OTHER CONTEMPT MATTERS  If the police are appealing, through us, for a person wanted in connection with a crime the material may well be prejudicial. For instance, detailing the crime, saying the man is dangerous. Technically we have no contempt protection but we should have nothing to fear. It’s a public duty and nobody has ever been prosecuted.  We are prohibited from soliciting or disclosing jury opinions, arguments or votes cast. After a case we can talk to jurors in very general terms of their overall experience. But it’s a big danger to interview jurors who, say, now cast doubt on decisions they’ve been involved in in the past.  It’s a contempt to breach court orders or injunctions and to fail to reveal confidential sources when a court’s ordered you to do so.