1. Session 7 Introduction to Inheritance

2. Accumulator Example a simple calculator app classes needed: –AdderApp - contains main –AddingFrame - GUI –CloseableFrame - allows X button –Accumulator - internal representation and implementation of the accumulator

3. AdderApp contains the main() method that serves as the "Big Bang" for this part of the world public class AdderApp { public static void main( String[] args ) { AddingFrame f = new AddingFrame(); f.show(); } // end main } // end class AdderApp

4. AddingFrame Provides the graphical interaction between the user and the actual calculator methods AddingFrame extends CloseableFrame extends JFrame. AddingFrame depends on the Accumulator class do the mathematics for the program.

5. Accumulator Class Recall from CS I that a class contains three things. – Data / Instance Variables – Method(s) – Constructor(s)

6. Accumulator Class What Data / Instance Variables are needed?

7. Accumulator Class Data / Instance Variables needed: –currentSum – the current value “accumulated” by the accumulator. –currentNumber – the number that has been entered by the user. The value that will be added or subtracted. –displayValue – the value visible on the graphical calculator. (Needed because sometimes we display the number the user is entering (currentNumber) and sometimes it is the current accumulated value (currentSum), so we will maintain a new value which holds whatever is on display.)

8. Accumulator Class What methods would the accumulator class need (hint, there are five of them)?

9. Accumulator Class Needed methods: –plus – adds the last number entered to the currentSum. –minus – subtracts the last number entered from the currentSum. –clear – sets everything back to zero –addDigit – adjusts the currentNumber upon input of an additional integer –getDisplay – returns the current displayValue. (This is necessary because our graphical class will want to know what value to display any time some action occurs.)

10. Accumulator Class What would the constructor do?

11. AccumulatorV1 public class AccumulatorV1 { private int currentSum; private int currentNumber; private int displayNumber; public Accumulator() { currentSum=0; currentNumber=0; displayNumber=0; } public void clear() { currentSum=0; currentNumber=0; displayNumber=0; } public void addDigit( int digit ) { currentNumber=currentNumber*10+digit; displayNumber=currentNumber; } public void plus() { currentSum+=currentNumber; currentNumber=0; displayNumber=currentSum; } public void minus() { currentSum-=currentNumber; currentNumber=0; displayNumber=currentSum; } public int getDisplay() { return displayNumber; } } // end class AccumulatorV1

12. Refactoring Accumulator What is refactoring? –Changing a program in a way that does not change its functionality. Why do it? –To improve the structure of your code based on what you have learned since writing it. What common code can we refactor?

13. Refactoring Accumulator Using the clear() method in the constructor Refactoring the plus() and minus() methods to call a private helper method.

14. Refactoring Accumulator public void plus() { currentSum+=currentNumber; prepareForNextNumber(); } public void minus() { currentSum-=currentNumber; prepareForNextNumber(); } private void prepareForNextNumber() { currentNumber=0; displayNumber=currentSum; } public int getDisplay() { return displayNumber; } } // end class AccumulatorV2 public class AccumulatorV2 { private int currentSum; private int currentNumber; private int displayNumber; public Accumulator() { clear(); } public void clear() { currentSum=0; currentNumber=0; displayNumber=0; } public void addDigit( int digit ) { currentNumber=currentNumber*10+digit; displayNumber=currentNumber; }

15. Reinforcing the refactoring There is an old programmers adage that states "There are only two numbers: 1 and many" Once you start to repeat code, it is time to start to think about refactoring and adding in a helper method.

16. Alternative structure of the program The complete “calculator” consists of four classes. –AdderApp –AddingFrame –CloseableFrame –Accumulator

17. Alternative structure of the program We can think of the relationships between these four classes as being “narrow and deep” –AdderApp creates an instance of AddingFrame which creates an instance of Accumulator. –This is a good example of data hiding since AdderApp doesn’t know/care that there is an instance of the Accumulator class. public class AdderApp { public static void main( String[] args ) { AddingFrame f = new AddingFrame(); f.show(); } // end main } // end class AdderApp public class AddingFrame extends CloseableFrame { private Accumulator myAccumulator;... public AddingFrame( ) { // create frame and accumulator myAccumulator = new Accumulator();...

18. Alternative structure of the program But another way to structure this program would be to create a relationship which is “wide and shallow” –AdderApp creates an an instance of Accumulator which it passes to an instance of AddingFrame. public class AdderApp { public static void main( String[] args ) { Accumulator a = new Accumulator(); AddingFrame f = new AddingFrame(a); f.show(); } // end main } // end class AdderApp –This is a good example of composition. We emphasize that AddingFrame is composed of an Accumulator –This is a good example of writing code that is modular. Now that we know the composition relation, we can compose solutions using variations of Accumulator.

19. CountedAccumulator Extension Suppose we need a new kind of object, an Accumulator that counts how many operations it executes. Let’s call this class CountedAccumulator. It responds to all the same messages as a regular Accumulator and also responds to an operationsExecuted() message, by returning its count. What changes would you need to make to Accumulator?

20. Adding Behavior to a Class Any time that we need to add behavior to a class we have at least three options: –Add code to the class itself, keeping the original class. –Copy all the old code into a new class and add code to this new class. –Create a subclass that extends the original class' behavior.

21. Pros and Cons “Add code to the class itself, keeping the original class. “ –Pros: Quick. Convenient. Simple. –Cons: May change the behavior of the class. Thus, it isn’t always an option.

22. Pros and Cons “Add code to the class itself, keeping the original class. “ –Pros: Quick. Convenient. Simple. –Cons: May change the behavior of the class. Thus, it isn’t always an option.

23. Pros and Cons “Add code to the class itself, keeping the original class. “ –Pros: Quick. Convenient. Simple. –Cons: May change the behavior of the class. Thus, it isn’t always an option.

24. Pros and Cons “Copy all the old code into a new class and add code to this new class. “ –Pros: Quick. Convenient. Simple. –Cons: Duplicated code. Error trap! Error trap!

25. Pros and Cons “Copy all the old code into a new class and add code to this new class. “ –Pros: Quick. Convenient. Simple. –Cons: Duplicated code. Error trap! Error trap!

26. Pros and Cons “Copy all the old code into a new class and add code to this new class. “ –Pros: Quick. Convenient. Simple. –Cons: Duplicated code. Error trap! Error trap!

27. Pros and Cons “Create a subclass that extends the original class' behavior.“ –Pros: Doesn’t break existing code. Virtually eliminates duplicate code. Provides the most flexibility. –Cons: Slightly more time consuming.

28. Pros and Cons “Create a subclass that extends the original class' behavior.“ –Pros: Doesn’t break existing code. Virtually eliminates duplicate code. Provides the most flexibility. –Cons: Slightly more time consuming.

29. Pros and Cons “Create a subclass that extends the original class' behavior.“ –Pros: Doesn’t break existing code. Virtually eliminates duplicate code. Provides the most flexibility. –Cons: Slightly more time consuming.

30. Developing an Extended Class There are typically four steps in developing an extended class. –declare the class –declare the new data –create the constructors –adjust the methods

31. Developing an Extended Class declare the class public class CountedAccumulator extends Accumulator {

32. Developing an Extended Class declare the new data private int numberOfOperations;

33. Developing an Extended Class create the constructor public CountedAccumulator () { super(); numberOfOperations=0; }

34. Developing an Extended Class Leave inherited methods alone –clear() and prepareForNextNumber() are both inherited from Accumulator and there is no need to change them.

35. Developing an Extended Class Modify/Override inherited methods –plus() and minus() are inherited, but they don't do what we want them to. –We can make them do more without completely replacing the code however. public void plus() { super.plus(); numberOfOperations++; }

36. Developing an Extended Class Add completely new methods –We need an accessor method for numberOfOperations public void operationsExecuted() { return numberOfOperations; }

37. CountedAccumulator Solution public class CountedAccumulator extends Accumulator { private int numberOfOperations; public CountedAccumulator() { super();// calls the superclass’ constructor numberOfOperations=0; } public void plus() { super.plus(); numberOfOperations++; } public void minus() { super.minus(); numberOfOperations++; } public int getOperations() { return numberOfOperations; } } // end class CountedAccumulator

38. CountedAccumulator Solution Now, before we can really work with this we need to modify other files in our application. We need to set up the AddingFrame so that it works with a CountedAccumulator rather than a regular Accumulator. We do this in the AdderApp class for simplicity. Accumulator a = new CountedAccumulator(); AddingFrame f = new AddingFrame(a);

39. A solution Why do we do this in the AdderApp rather than leave it alone and modify the AddingFrame? –Because in the end this makes our AddingFrame slightly more versatile. –Think about it...AddingFrame works with an Accumulator (or CountedAccumulator). If one is provided, it uses it. If one is not provided, it creates it. –THAT, is more versatile than telling an AddingFrame to now always create a CountedAccumulator.

40. A solution Now we can run this... –Notice that we have basically returned to having a Accumulator. Why? –Notice that even though I have private data and methods in Accumulator, I didn't have to change this here. Why?

41. A solution that USES the counting functionality If we want to actually use the functionality of this new class, then something needs to call the new method in CountedAccumulator. Without discussing the details of exception handling, we could do this by writing: try { Thread.sleep(10000); } catch(Exception e) { } System.out.println("Performed“ +a.getOperations()+"operations");

42. Another Exercise Create a class named EvenOddAccumulator that subclasses Accumulator to implement this behavior. EvenOddAccumulators respond to all the same messages as regular Accumulators. But, in response to plus() and minus() messages, an EvenOddAccumulator both computes the new sum and writes a congratulatory message if the sum is even.

43. Toward a Solution Here is the critical new piece of the EvenOddAccumulator class: if ( currentSum % 2 == 0 ) { System.out.println( "Hurray! You made an even number." ); } The big question is, what else is a part of the class?

44. Toward a Solution Let’s look at one version of this…

45. A Problem Accessing Inherited Data $ javac EvenOddAccumulator.java EvenOddAccumulator.java:17: currentSum has private access in Accumulator if ( currentSum % 2 == 0 ) ^ EvenOddAccumulator.java:24: currentSum has private access in Accumulator if ( currentSum % 2 == 0 ) ^ 2 errors Oops! currentSum is declared as a private instance variable in class Accumulator. private means private: no code outside the Accumulator class can access that variable.

46. A Possible Solution for Accessing Inherited Data Change currentSum to be public or protected. public class Accumulator { protected int currentSum;... }

47. A Better Solution for Accessing Inherited Data (2) Add a protected “accessor” method to the Accumulator class. Use that method to access the currentSum instance variable in the subclass. public class Accumulator {... protected int currentSum() { return currentSum; } Then use currentSum() in EvenOddAccumulator.

48. Programming with Inheritance Inheritance is an object-oriented programming construct that enables us to add behavior to an existing system without modifying the existing classes.

49. Programming with Inheritance Our new EvenOddAccumulator class adds behavior to a program that uses Accumulators without modifying: the behavior of the existing Accumulator class or the existing AddingFrame class! That means... No chance of introducing an unnecessary, unexpected errors into the working Accumulator class. No need to modify programs that use instances of Accumulator but which don’t need instances of EvenOddAccumulator. The ability to use EvenOddAccumulators in programs that expect to use Accumulators.

50. Programming with Inheritance We could have achieved some of these results without using inheritance by creating a new class named EvenOddAccumulator that simply duplicated the behavior of existing Accumulator class. Using inheritance means that... No need to reimplement existing methods. No need to duplicate code. One of the most important features of object-oriented programming is that it encourages us to create new classes that reuse existing code as much as possible. Without inheritance, you have only one tool for doing that, composition. With inheritance, you have two tools.