1. Which are Spatial Data? Names email address NASA satellites imagery Weather and Climate Data SSN Medical Imaging NASA satellites imagery - terabytes of data per day Exercise: Identify spatial and non-spatial data items in A phone book A cookbook with recipes

2. Difference between GIS and SDBMS GIS Focus on Algorithms Dataset is loaded to the main memory GIS is a top layer and use SDBMS Does not work well on JOIN operation with large set of objects File-based system (Layers) Does not have Concurrency Control, Index, and Query Processing SDBMS Focus on how data is stored and managed Dataset is located on the secondary storage SDBMS is a lower level Work well on JOIN operation with large set of objects Relational tables Concurrency Control, Index, and Query Processing

3. DBMS Persistence across failures Allows concurrent access to data Scalability to search queries on very large datasets which do not fit inside main memories of computers Efficient for non-spatial queries, but not for spatial queries DBMS  SDBMS

4. Mapping ER Model to the Relational Model 1. Map each entity into a separate table, attributes become columns. 2. For 1:1 cardinality, place any one of the entities as a FK in the other relation. 3. For M:1 cardinality, place PK of 1-side relation as a FK in the relation of M- side. 4. For M:N cardinality, create a new relation with the PK consisting of the PKs of the participating entities. 5. For multivalued attribute, a new relation is created that has 2 columns: key and multivalue attributes. Together key and multivalued attributes form PK. 6. For elevation attribute needs to be handled in the distinct manner. Since elevation is multivalued attribute, we need a new relation name Elevation. Because elevation captures height of the forest at different point (pointid), the new relation needs to have 3 attributes: Forest-name, Elevation, pointid.

5. An Example World Database The World consists of three entities: country, city and river. A country can have multiple capital cities and originate multiple rivers. A river is originated by one country. City is modeled as Point and has 3 attributes: Name (PK), Population, and Capital. Country is modeled as Polygon and has 5 attributes: Name (PK), GDP, Population, Continent, and Life-Exp. River is modeled as line and has 2 attributes: Name (PK), and Length.

6. An Example World Database Purpose: Use an example database to learn query language SQL Conceptual Model 3 Entities: Country, City, River 2 Relationships: capital-of, originates-in Attributes listed in Figure 3.1