1. AP Biology Homeostasis and Development

6. Signal Transduction Pathway

7. Kinases “turn on” processes (can amplify) Phosphotases “turn off” processes

8. Ligand Hormone Target tissue

9. Basic Hormone Pattern Target effectors Response Simple endocrine pathway Glycogen breakdown, glucose release into blood Liver Blood vessel Pancreas secretes glucagon ( ) Endocrine cell Low blood glucose Receptor protein Stimulus Pathway Example

10. 3 parts of hormonal system Exocrine Endocrine Neurosecretory

11. Remember the “hands” on cell membranes? (In GREEN)

12. Local Hormones Growth factors Nitric Oxide (NO) Prostaglandins Cytokines

13. LE 45-7 Mammary glands, uterine muscles Hypothalamus Kidney tubules Oxytocin HORMONE TARGET ADH Posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Anterior pituitary

14. Cytokines IL 1 – Macrophage to Helper T IL2 – Helper T to B or Cytotoxic T

15. Polar versus Non-polar Hormone Signal Reception SECRETORY CELL Hormone molecule Signal receptor VIA BLOOD VIA BLOOD TARGET CELL TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway OR Cytoplasmic response DNA NUCLEUS Nuclear response Receptor in plasma membraneReceptor in cell nucleus DNA NUCLEUS mRNA Synthesis of specific proteins Signal transduction and response Signal receptor Hormone molecule SECRETORY CELL

17. Examples of Negative Feedback Loops Hypothalamus TRH Anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid T3T3 T4T4

19. Positive Feedback Loop

22. Tropic Hormones of the PosteriorPituitary Mammary glands, uterine muscles Hypothalamus Kidney tubules Oxytocin HORMONE TARGET ADH Posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon Anterior pituitary

23. Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Portal vessels Pituitary hormones (blue dots) Pain receptors in the brain EndorphinGrowth hormone Bones Liver MSH Melanocytes Prolactin Mammary glands ACTH Adrenal cortex TSH Thyroid Testes or ovaries FSH and LH TARGET HORMONE Hypothalamic releasing hormones (red dots) Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone Nontropic Effects Only Prolactin MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone Endorphin Nontropic and Tropic Effects Growth hormone

25. Most of the cells in the thyroid are called follicular cells, but there are others called parafollicular cells (or C cells) which produce another important hormone called calcitonin. The thyroid also has four teensy glands called the parathyroid glands, which are embedded in the back of the thyroid and produce the hormone creatively called parathyroid hormone. These two hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone, work in tandem to keep your body's calcium level in check. We all know how important calcium is to prevent diseases like osteoporosis, but too much of a good thing isn't ideal either. That's where calcitonin comes in; it decreases how much calcium is in your blood, while parathyroid hormone works to beef those levels up.calcium

26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-S_vQZDH9hY http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html