1. Bones and Skeletal Tissues

2. Figure 6.1 Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Cartilages Bones of skeleton Epiglottis Larynx Trachea Cricoid cartilage Lung Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Thyroid cartilage Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Articular Cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Cartilage in Intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Articular cartilage of a joint Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)

3. Bones of the Skeleton  Two main groups, by location Axial skeleton (brown) Appendicular skeleton (yellow)

4. Figure 6.1 Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Articular Cartilage of a joint Costal cartilage Cartilage in Intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Articular cartilage of a joint Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)

5. Classification of Bones by Shape  Long bones- longer than they are wide  Short bones- cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)  Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., patella)  Flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curved  Irregular bones- complicated shapes

6. Figure 6.2

7. Functions of Bones 1. Support- for the body and soft organs 2. Protection- for brain, spinal cord, and vital organs 3. Movement- levers for muscle action 4. Storage- minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and growth factors 5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities 6. Triglyceride (energy) storage in bone cavities

8. Bone Markings  Bulges, depressions, and holes serve as Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

9. Bone Markings: Projections  Sites of muscle and ligament attachment Tuberosity—rounded projection Crest—narrow, prominent ridge Trochanter—large, blunt, irregular surface Line—narrow ridge of bone Tubercle—small rounded projection Epicondyle—raised area above a condyle Spine—sharp, slender projection Process—any bony prominence