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Ionian Deep-Sea Biology NESTOR & NEMO Sites. WPE. Field operations and analysis: Thomas Linley and Alan Jamieson (baited lander), Jessica Craig (bioluminescence),

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Presentation on theme: "Ionian Deep-Sea Biology NESTOR & NEMO Sites. WPE. Field operations and analysis: Thomas Linley and Alan Jamieson (baited lander), Jessica Craig (bioluminescence),"— Presentation transcript:

1 Ionian Deep-Sea Biology NESTOR & NEMO Sites. WPE. Field operations and analysis: Thomas Linley and Alan Jamieson (baited lander), Jessica Craig (bioluminescence), Tomasz Niedzielski (GIS), Professor Imants (Monty) Priede

2 non-permanent instrumented platform ROBIO II and BRIL landers Initial shallow work was performed with ROBIO II – <1,000m – Lander mode (on seabed) – Images are in profile All deeper work used BRIL – 1,346-5,111m – Tether mode (2m above seabed) – Images from above

3 Deployments Depths 532m 737m 943m 1351m 1823m 3396 m 4203m 5105m Locations Nemo Nestor Ionian Sea Vessels - Lydia, Phylia,Pelagia, Meteor

4 532m (NESTOR) Greatest species richness Chordates (a) Blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus (b) Longnosed skate Dipturus oxyrinchus (c )Gulper shark; Centrophorus granulosus or little gulper Squalus uyato (d) Wreckfish Polyprion americanus – Dominant species Invertebrates – blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus – Unknown small shrimp

5 737m (NESTOR) Chordates – European conger Conger conger – Gulper shark; C.granulosus or the little gulper S.uyato Observations suggest higher population than 532m – Blackbelly rosefish H.dactylopterus Invertebrates – blue and red shrimp A.antennatus

6 NESTOR Locations (slope plot) Pylos Poseidon Nestor prototype Red – steep Green- flat

7 943m (NESTOR)

8 The only species seen is the Gulper shark; C.granulosus – Seen at all sites so far but time series indicates greater abundance deeper Sediment appears the same for all <1,000m stations – fine golden silty sand with small amounts of detritus. There is little indication of animal burrows or tracks

9 1346m (NESTOR) Falls outside of map – But only 30km from previous stations Complete change of fauna from previous sites Chordates – Mediterranean codling Lepidion lepidion – Blackfin sorcerer Nettastoma melanurum – bluntnose sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus Invertebrates – deep-water shrimp Acanthephyra eximia

10 1346m (NESTOR) cont. Nettastoma melanurum was filmed feeding on Acanthephyra eximia – Literature supports that they mainly feed on shrimp Peaks in A.eximia number is often followed by a peak in N.melanurum – May suggest an association in numbers seen

11 1841m (NESTOR) The Mediterranean codling (L.lepidion). Velvet belly lantern shark (Etmopterus spinax) The two species appear alternately suggesting avoidance Acanthephyra exima arrival rate suggests higher abundance than at the previous station Brachyuran crab arrived late Chaceon mediterraneus or Geryon longipes. Sediment appears smoother with reduced detritus

12 Only two Species: Deep-sea shrimp (Acanthephyra eximia ) – Mediterranean grenadier (Coryphaenoides mediterraneus) 3396 m (NEMO)

13 Abyssal Grenadier Coryphaenoides armatus Size and abundance comparison shows impoverished condition of the Mediterranean sea. 3460 m (Atlantic Ocean)

14 C.mediterraneus appears more abundant than seen previously, quickly reaching a high number of individuals 3396 m (NEMO)

15 Sediment surface is slightly mottled- bioturbation A large amount of fine sediment was re-suspended upon ballast impact 80kg ballast supported by sediment 3396 m (NEMO)

16 4,204m (NESTOR) Only two Species: Deep-sea shrimp Acanthephyra eximia Mediterranean grenadier Coryphaenoides mediterraneus An unidentified organism is seen several times at this site – Possibly a cephalopod The sediment has continued to appear smoother with reduced detritus compared with previous stations

17 5111 m Europe's deepest point Oinousse Pit Both C.mediterraneus and A.eximia persist to the deepest point C.mediterraneus appear thinner than previous station While both species are still present arrival rates suggest reduced populations Lower current speed reducing the baits area of effect may confuse this

18 5111 m Europe's deepest point Oinousse Pit Lower numbers of shrimps and fish in the pit

19 The sediment at this site continues with the progression seen at other sites It is smooth with no definable features At the moment the ballast impacted very little sediment re-suspension is observed Sediment appears to be very fine with evidence of cohesion visible where the ballast has displaced sediment 5,111m Europe's deepest point con.

20 ROV transects ROV transects were performed at the same locations as the 1 st three deployments (approx 500, 750, 950m) Observations were the same as those from the lander deployments. Abundance of life was generally low The same species were observed However, a Common Mora (Mora moro) was also observed Sediment type was as observed on lander deployments Occasional rock Sediment firm enough to support 50kg (in water) frame At 950m depth some localised steep slopes were found. The ships sounding confirmed that there were many in the area Due to relatively small scale they are not present on most available charts Care must be taken when selecting mooring positions and cable routes

21 Faunal depth distribution

22 Bioluminescence at NESTOR ICDeep video profiler - 300m to near sea floor - Density of bioluminescent animals: Mesoplankton – 0.2-20 mm (e.g. copepods) Macroplankton – 20-200 mm (e.g. euphausiids) Megaplankton – 200-2000 mm (e.g. medusae & large colonial organisms (e.g. pyrosomes)) (Dussart et al. 1965, Sieburth et al. 1978) A high percentage of deep sea zooplankton is bioluminescent Bioluminescent density can be used as a proxy for zooplankton abundance.

23 Bioluminescence at NESTOR ICDeep deployments At NESTOR site: - 1 in autumn 2008 - 2 in spring 2009 Depth (m)Mean BL sources (m -3 ) ± StDv NESTOR (E Ionian) 500-10007.89± 5.79 1000-20001.32± 1.45 2000-30000.33± 0.31 3000-40000.11± 0.15

24 Bioluminescence at NESTOR ICDeep deployments At NESTOR site (E Ionian Sea): - 1 in autumn 2008 - 2 in spring 2009 At NEMO site (W Ionian Sea): - 2 in autumn 2008 - 2 in spring 2009 Depth (m)Mean BL sources (m -3 ) ± StDv NESTOR (E Ionian)NEMO (W Ionian) 500-10007.89± 5.7913.58± 5.53 1000-20001.32± 1.459.67± 7.22 2000-30000.33± 0.311.70± 1.88 3000-40000.11± 0.150.30± 0.23 Seasonal variation: - NESTOR (p=0.07) - NEMO (p<0.001) (Craig et al., 2011)

25 Thank you to KM3Net Collaboration for enabling this work Students Jessica Craig – PhD Thom Linley - MRes

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