1. WARM-UP!!
At the top of your notes, write down what you think a “Reformation” is and give an example.

2. Who was A&E’s most influential person of the last millenium
Johann Gutenberg
Created printing press
Faster reproduction of books and ideas
Increased literacy

3. The Protestant Reformation
Only write what is in black!
The Protestant Reformation
16th Century movement for religious REFORM (1500’s)
Led to the founding of Christian Churches that rejected the Pope’s authority.
Protestant- protested the Catholic Church

4. I. Abuses of the Catholic Church
A. Church leaders corrupt and extravagant
“God has given us the papacy, now let us enjoy it!”
Patrons of the Arts Chalice of
Sistine Chapel Pope Pius IX

5. B. Rulers resent papal influence in political affairs
Canon Law over civil law Power struggle between Popes and Kings
Excommunication...

6. C. Middle Classes resent paying church taxes
Church owned much land and taxed its inhabitants
Resentment over
flow of money to the Vatican in Rome.
Church was tax exempt

7. D. Lower clergy (priests) are guilty of breaking vows.
Took vows of poverty and chastity, yet most lived richly and some had kids
Priests were main contact for the people to the church.
Many uneducated, couldn’t
read Latin
Sacraments in Latin
No sacraments,
no salvation!

8. II. Church practices seen as abuses:
A. Sale of Indulgences- Accepting money for Church pardons (Buy your way out of sin)
B. Simony- Buying and selling of church positions
C. Nepotism- Jobs given to relatives
D. Relics Pilgrimages to Holy places to view relics. (Examples:
piece of Moses’ burning bush, straw from Jesus’ manger,
bones of a martyr or saint) People charged to see these
And many were fake!!!

9. III. Eventually, the authority of church leaders is questioned
At issue: Is the Church or the Bible itself the higher authority? (listen to Church or interpret for self?)
Question:
“What must one
do to be saved?”

10. THE REFORMERS Martin Luther German; well-
educated member of Catholic Church
Wrote 95 Theses to debate problems in the Church (1517)
Credited with starting the Protestant Reformation
Gutenberg’s printing press- spread 95 Theses around Germany
Believed in: Justification by Faith (faith is all that is needed to go to heaven)
Service in the vernacular
(native language)
Individual should interpret what the Bible means
Clergy may marry, have kids
Founded the Lutheran Church

11. John Calvin
French, broke from the Church in 1530
Ideas not widely accepted in Catholic France
Fled to Switzerland to escape punishment
Predestination- fate (heaven or hell) already decided (no way to change it)
Protestant Work Ethic- reward will be in heaven
No gambling, card playing, music, dancing
Scotland: Presbyterians
England: Puritans

12. Henry VIII
King of England
Devoted member of
Catholic Church, but…
“needed” a divorce!
Had a daughter, but wanted a son to be king
Request for divorce denied by Pope
“Created” Anglican Church (Church of England) in 1534
Act of Supremacy: King, not Pope official head of England’s Church
Political motive (unlike Luther and Calvin)