1. Human Systems: Muscular System

2. Muscle Muscle cells have contractile proteins Contract and relax Help in movement Heart muscles- helps in the pumping of heart

3. Types of muscles 3 types of muscles – Smooth muscles (digestive tract, walls of blood vessels) – Cardiac muscle ( heart) – Skeletal muscle (attached to bones) Muscle action could be voluntary or involuntary – Smooth and cardiac muscles are involuntary – Skeletal muscles could be voluntary or involuntary (e.g. blinking of eyes)

4. Types of muscles

5. Movement Muscles are attached to bones through tendons When muscle shortens (contracts), the bones are pulled closer When muscle relaxes, bones move away Musculoskeletal system - movement

6. Movement Muscles work in pairs Flexor - bends a part of the body Extensor – straightens a part of the body Bicep is flexor Tricep is extensor

7. Muscle and exercise Resistance exercise (increases muscle strength) Aerobic exercise (strengthens heart)

8. Muscle injury and problems Strain – muscle or tendon over stretched or torn Tendinitis – inflammation of tendons Anabolic steroids – can be helpful in increasing muscle strength but may be associated with causing other problems Muscle fatigue and lactic acid (due to insufficient O 2 )

9. Disorders and imbalance Insulin and diabetes mellitus Pituitary gland and growth hormone

10. Human Systems: Urinary System Excretary System

11. Urinary System Plays role in excretion of wastes (CO 2 and ammonia as a result of chemical activities).

12. Kidneys – Organs of filtration – Filter around 2000 L of blood each day - Kidney contains nephrons - Nephrons are microscopic filters in the kidney that remove wastes from the blood. Nephrons remove many harmful substances. One of the most important substances removed by nephrons is urea.

14. Movement of water – Sweat, thirst and urination The following two hormones regulate the amount of water in your body: Antidiuretic hormone Diuretics

15. Antidiuretic hormone When you get thirsty, other parts of your body react to the water shortage, too. A hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH, is released. ADH signals the kidneys to take water from the nephrons. The nephrons return the water to the bloodstream. Thus, the kidneys make less urine. When your blood has too much water, small amounts of ADH are released. The kidneys react by allowing more water to stay in the nephrons and leave the body as urine.

16. Diuretics hormone Some beverages contain caffeine, which is a diuretic. Diuretics cause the kidneys to make more urine, which decreases the amount of water in the blood. When you drink a beverage that contains water and caffeine, the caffeine increases fluid loss. So, your body gets to use less of the water from the caffeinated beverage than from a glass of water.

17. Disorders  Bacterial Infections Bacteria can get into the bladder and ureters through the urethra and cause painful infections. Infections should be treated early, before they spread to the kidneys. Infections in the kidneys can permanently damage the nephrons.  Kidney Stones Sometimes, salts and other wastes collect inside the kidneys and form kidney stones. Some kidney stones interfere with urine flow and cause pain.  Kidney Disease Damage to nephrons can prevent normal kidney functioning and can lead to kidney disease. If a person's kidneys do not function properly, a kidney machine can be used to filter waste from the blood- dialysis