1. Camus - The Plague - slide 1 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 The plague strikes Oran –Setting is in the 1940s in Oran, a French port on the Algerian coast –Oran is an ordinary, ugly, commercially- oriented place with an “absurd lay-out” (ML 23; VI 24). –Plague begins –Dr. Rieux sees his wife off to a sanitarium in the mountains

2. Camus - The Plague - slide 2 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Reflects how he has been remiss in his attentions to his wife. Significance of this. 4 Meanings of the plague –Occupation of a city during time of war (ML 34; VI 37) –Resistance of nature to human choices (ML 35; VI 37). Cf. Sartre

3. Camus - The Plague - slide 3 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Encounter with nothingness--the absurd, meaninglessness –Natural evil –A boundary situation

4. Camus - The Plague - slide 4 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Theme 1 - the absurd; the experience of nothingness –The Existentialists took this theme from Nietzsche –For the Existentialists, there are two main sources for this experience 1. The rejection of God and of all transcendental values

5. Camus - The Plague - slide 5 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 2. Epistemological skepticism –There is no certain knowledge –Scientific knowledge cannot answer the most important questions in life »Camus in “An Absurd Reasoning” states: “Whether the earth or the sun revolves around the other is a matter of profound indifference.”

6. Camus - The Plague - slide 6 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) »Rejection of the Enlightenment faith in science. –Knowledge cannot give meaning to life & cannot answer the most fundamental questions about life. –Cf. Plato - knowledge is salvation; knowledge is one of the highest values and that which is most worth pursuing

7. Camus - The Plague - slide 7 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Joseph Grand –Occupation? –Never gets raises or promotions because he “couldn’t find his words” (ML 42; VI 45) –Separated from his wife

8. Camus - The Plague - slide 8 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Has a secret project “Gentlemen, hats off!” (ML 94; VI 102) Interpretation: His way of fighting against the absurdity of life –When plague begins, he works on sanitary squads; his city job suffers

9. Camus - The Plague - slide 9 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Rieux reflects that Grand is an “insignificant and obscure hero who had to his credit only a little goodness of heart and a seemingly absurd ideal” (ML 126; VI 137). –Has a secret project

10. Camus - The Plague - slide 10 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Does he get the plague? –Does he survive? –At end of plague, writes to his wife (ML 276; VI 306). 4 Theme 2 - boundary situation –The plague causes a crisis in the lives of the people of Oran; it forces them to reevaluate their lives. It coaxes them out of routine (ML 22; VI 23).

11. Camus - The Plague - slide 11 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Theme 3 - Resistance against life & nature as we find it –All persons encounter meaninglessness at some point in their lives –How can this be faced and transcended? –One must resist it, fight against it (see ML 122; VI 133 - “Many fledgling moralists...”) –“The Myth of Sisyphus” (1942) The myth

12. Camus - The Plague - slide 12 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) How does Sisyphus find meaning in his punishment? Resistance for the sake of what?

13. Camus - The Plague - slide 13 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Raymond Rambert –Occupation? –Has mistress in Paris –Tries repeatedly to escape His initial form of resistance –Decides to stay; joins Rieux in fighting plague This is his new form of resistance

14. Camus - The Plague - slide 14 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Does he survive the plague? 4 Theme 4 - transcending absurdity by commitment to other persons –Rieux: “If there is one thing one can always yearn for and sometimes attain, it is human love” (ML 271; VI 300).

15. Camus - The Plague - slide 15 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Camus in Notebooks, 1942-1951: “What balances the absurd is the community of men fighting against it. And if we choose to serve that community, we choose to serve the dialogue carried to the absurd against any policy or falsehood or of silence. That’s the way one is free with others” (126).

16. Camus - The Plague - slide 16 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Theme 5 - Theory of stages; brings themes 1, 3, & 4 together –Not a descriptive theory; rather prescriptive - a moral theory –Three moments or stages in achieving mature personhood 1. Awareness of absurdity 2. Resistance to this absurdity 3. To fellow human persons

17. Camus - The Plague - slide 17 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Jean Tarrou –The chronicler, diarist –At the outset of the plague, immediately volunteers to help; organizes sanitary squads –Reveals to Rieux that he has already had the plague Story about his flight from home for the sake of creating a more perfect world

18. Camus - The Plague - slide 18 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) Then came to realize that no ideology could justify “such butcheries” (252). Even the best of the revolutionaries could not keep from killing “because such was the logic by which they live” (ML 228; VI 252).

19. Camus - The Plague - slide 19 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –In The Rebel (1950), Camus proposes that revolt must have limits. Revolt must never be for absolute (perfect) justice, but only for a “measure of justice.” The rebel must be a scrupulous, hesitant, careful, reflective. –Does Tarrou survive the plague?

20. Camus - The Plague - slide 20 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Paneloux –Jesuit priest, learned & militant –1st sermon (ML 86ff.; VI 94ff.) The plague has come upon “you” because of your evil ways The plague is God’s punishment Problem of evil – “Calamity has come to you, my brethren, and my brethren, you deserve it” (ML 86; VI 94). Helps in sanitary camps; witnesses death of Othon’s son.

21. Camus - The Plague - slide 21 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –2nd sermon (ML 198ff.; VI 220ff.) Opens with “we” Rejects explanation of plague given in 1st sermon Adopts a Kierkegaardian Christianity - - belief which goes beyond understanding –Becomes ill; refuses medical treatment

22. Camus - The Plague - slide 22 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Dies –Camus’ viewpoint: Paneloux refused to resist the plague 4 Othon –Occupation? –Has two children whom he marches into his favorite restaurant like “performing poodles” (ML 106; VI 115).

23. Camus - The Plague - slide 23 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Othon is very rigid, formal, unvarying in his habits –Son gets the plague & dies –Othon volunteers to help in the camps; becomes a camp manager –Shoelaces untied –Papers lost; he accepts situation. –Contacts plague & dies

24. Camus - The Plague - slide 24 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Cottard –Role in novel –At home with the plague –After the plague is over, he goes insane 4 Dr. Bernard Rieux –Sees wife off to sanitarian before plague breaks out

25. Camus - The Plague - slide 25 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Man of habit and routine –Events like the plague help “men to rise above themselves” (ML 115; VI 125). –Rieux says that he thinks he is on the right road “in fighting against creation as he found it” (ML 116; VI 127). Rieux’s form of resistance is fighting the plague through the practice of medicine.

26. Camus - The Plague - slide 26 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) –Comparison of the practice of medicine with the practice of life In both one must sometimes make choices based on insufficient knowledge “A man can’t cure and know at the same time, so let’s cure as quickly as we can. That’s the more urgent job” (ML 189; VI 210).

27. Camus - The Plague - slide 27 Camus ~ The Plague (1947) 4 Theme 6 - Skepticism about reason; the importance of choice –On the really important questions of life, once must make choices which go beyond knowledge 4 See beautiful closing paragraph – ML 278; VI 308.