1. Revenue: IAS 18 Wiecek and Young IFRS Primer Chapter 6

2. 2 Revenue Related standards IAS 18 Current GAAP comparisons IFRS financial statement disclosures Looking ahead End-of-chapter practice

3. 3 Related Standards SAB 104 Revenue Recognition SOP 81-1 Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts SOP 97-2 Software Revenue Recognition SOP 98-9 Software Revenue Recognition, with Respect to Certain Transactions FAS 45 Accounting for Franchise Fee Revenue FAS 48 Revenue Recognition When Right of Return Exists FAS 49 Accounting for Product Financing Arrangements FAS 66 Accounting for Sales of Real Estate EITF 99-19 Reporting Revenue Gross as a Principal Versus Net as an Agent EITF 00-21 Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables EITF 00-22 Accounting for ‘Points’ and Certain Other Time-Based or Volume-Based Sales Incentive Offers, and Offers for Free Products or Services to be Delivered in the Future EITF 01-9 Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer CON 5 Recognition and Measurement in Financial Statements of Business Enterprises CON 6 Elements of Financial Statements

4. 4 Related Standards IFRS 4 Insurance Contracts IAS 11 Construction contracts IAS 17 Leases IAS 28 Investments in Associates IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement IAS 41 Agriculture

5. 5 IAS 18 – Overview Objective and scope Measurement of revenue Identification of the transaction Sale of goods Rendering of services Interest, royalties, and dividends Disclosure

6. 6 IAS 18 – Objective and Scope IAS 18 deals with the recognition and measurement of revenues Revenues are generated by ordinary business activities such as: – Sale of goods – Sale of services – Fees – Interest – Royalties – Dividends and other sources According to IAS 18.6, the following are examples of items scoped out of the standard: – Lease agreements – Changes in the value of other current assets – Extraction of mineral ores

7. 7 IAS 18 – Objective and Scope The IAS framework defines income to include both revenues and gains IAS 18.7 provides the following definition of revenue: “Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants” It is important to separate income from ordinary activities and income from atypical/infrequent activities since many users use the financial statements to assess the nature, timing, and amount of future earnings and cash flows Income from ordinary activities is more likely to recur than income from atypical/infrequent activities

8. 8 IAS 18 – Measurement of Revenue Revenue is measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable Fair value is defined in IAS 18.7 as follows: “Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction”

9. 9 IAS 18 – Measurement of Revenue AMOUNTS PAID OVER TIME: The fair value is the amount of cash or cash equivalents received When the amount due is paid over time, the cash flows are discounted using: a discount rate that reflects either the prevailing rate for a similar instrument, or an imputed rate of interest that equates the receivables to the current cash sales price The choice of interest rate should reflect the riskiness of the cash flows. – Generally, with sales, the amount and timing of the receivables is fixed, although there will often be credit risk attached to the cash flow stream – The discount rate might therefore reflect the customer’s incremental borrowing rate An alternate view is to impute an interest rate. – If we know the cash selling price and the total cash flows to be paid under the arrangement, the difference should theoretically be interest

10. 10 IAS 18 – Measurement of Revenue BARTER TRANSACTIONS: Barter transactions that deal with items that are similar in nature and value are not accounted for as revenues – The standard contemplates situations where commodities like oil or milk might be exchanged by suppliers to facilitate customer sales – The substance of this type of transaction is that it is more like a loan of the commodity by one supplier to the other, which will be repaid when the supplier who borrowed the commodity returns it If the goods are dissimilar, it is considered to be a sale and recorded as revenues – The entity has transferred the risks and rewards of the one asset (a sale) and taken on new and different risks and rewards for the other asset (a purchase) – The transaction is measured at the fair value of the asset received unless it cannot be reliably measured, in which the fair value of the asset given up is used

11. 11 IAS 18 – Measurement of Revenue BARTER TRANSACTIONS (continued): Barter transactions involving an exchange of advertising services are dealt with separately Barter transactions involving advertising may result in revenue recognition as long as the advertising services provided and received are different The problem arises with measurement Although it may be difficult to measure the services received, the entity may be able to measure the services rendered by looking at similar advertising contracts that occur frequently and represent a predominant number of transactions involving cash or cash-like consideration with other parties Thus, these transactions may be measured based on the fair value of the services provide

12. 12 IAS 18 – Identification of the Transaction In order to understand how to account for a transaction, we must understand the substance of the business transaction In many cases, the transaction involves a collection of items or a bundle – Because the revenue recognition points may be different depending on the asset sold or service rendered, we must break the transaction down into separately identifiable components – Each component is then accounted for separately The standard does not give concrete guidance as to how to divide the transaction into separate units so judgment must be used

13. 13 IAS 18 – Sale of Goods Criteria for recognition of revenue for the sale of goods are as follows (all criteria must be met): (a) Significant risks and rewards of ownership are transferred (b) Neither continuing managerial involvement nor effective control over the goods sold is retained (c) The amount of revenue is reliably measurable (d) The economic benefits are probable and (e) The costs are reliably measurable For most sale of goods transactions, there is a critical event where the risks and rewards pass from the seller to the buyer (this is normally the point at which the legal title and possession pass) – In certain cases, either risks or rewards (but not both) will pass – Judgment must be used in determining what the substance of the transaction is and whether significant risks and rewards have been transferred

14. 14 IAS 18 – Sale of Goods If significant risks and rewards are retained or there is continuing managerial involvement, revenue is not recognized This may be the case for instance: (a) If an obligation for unsatisfactory performance is retained (b) If the receipt of revenue is contingent upon resale of the goods by the buyer (c) If the goods must be installed and the installation is a significant part of the contract and (d) If the buyer can rescind the contract or back out of it and there is uncertainty relating to the probability of this Where there are insignificant risks and rewards or continuing managerial involvement, it may be okay to recognize revenues Judgment is used to determine significant versus insignificant

15. 15 IAS 18 – Sale of Goods Excerpts of Illustration 6-1:

16. 16 IAS 18 – Sale of Goods

17. 17 IAS 18 – Rendering of Services The criteria for recognition of service revenues is as follows: (a) Revenue is reliably measurable (b) Economic benefits are probable (c) Stage of completion reliably measurable and (d) Costs reliably measurable. PERCENTAGE OF COMPLETION METHOD VERSUS OTHER METHODS: Part (c) above makes reference to the stage of completion – This refers to the method known as the percentage of completion method In general, under this method, revenues are recognized over the life of the contract as services are provided When using the method, an estimate of the stage of completion must be made so that revenues can be estimated

18. 18 IAS 18 – Rendering of Services PERCENTAGE OF COMPLETION METHOD VERSUS OTHER METHODS (cont’d) According to IAS 18.24, the stage of completion may be determined using 1. Surveys of work performed, 2. Comparisons of work performed to total services to be performed, or 3. Comparisons of costs incurred to date versus total estimated costs The first two points above relate to outputs and the last looks at inputs According to the standard, the straight-line method is used where there are an indeterminate number of acts over the life of the contract, unless there is evidence of a better method Note that if there is an act that is more significant than the other acts, revenue recognition would be deferred until the significant act is executed

19. 19 IAS 18 – Rendering of Services PERCENTAGE OF COMPLETION METHOD VERSUS OTHER METHODS (cont’d) IAS 18 notes that an entity should be able to measure the transaction reliably when the following terms of the arrangement have been agreed upon : (a) Enforceable rights (b) Consideration and (c) Manner and terms of settlement In cases where the transaction cannot be reliably measured, revenue is recognized only to the extent of costs incurred and then only to the extent that the amounts are recoverable If the transaction is not measurable and collection is not probable, the costs would be expensed and no revenues recognized

20. 20 IAS 18 – Interest, Royalties, and Dividends For interest, royalties, and dividends, revenue shall be recognized on the following bases: (a) Interest shall be recognized using the effective interest method as set out in IAS 39, paragraphs 9 and AG5–AG8 (b) Royalties shall be recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement and (c) Dividends shall be recognized when the shareholder’s right to receive payment is established

21. IAS 18 – Disclosure The following disclosures are required: (a) Accounting policies adopted for the recognition of revenue, including the methods adopted to determine the stage of completion of transactions involving the rendering of services (b) Amount of each significant category of revenue recognized during the period, including revenue arising from: (i) Sale of goods (ii) Rendering of services (iii) Interest (iv) Royalties (v) Dividends (c) Amount of revenue arising from exchanges of goods or services included in each significant category of revenue 21

22. 22 Current GAAP Comparisons Pages 104, 122 & 146 of 164 of http://www.kpmg.co.uk/pubs/IFRScomparedtoU.S.GAAPAnOverview(2008).pdf

23. 23 IFRS Financial Statement Disclosures Alfa Laval http://alfalaval.halvarsson.se/2007en/# Revenue Recognition note page 80 of 132

24. 24 Looking Ahead Revenue is currently the topic of a substantial joint project between IASB and FASB The boards hope to eliminate weaknesses in the current approach and to converge the standards Current weaknesses include the following: – The current focus on the critical event and/or earnings process Often difficult to identify and leads to lack of comparability in practice – Lack of guidance in IFRSs regarding multiple-element arrangements – The fact that approximately 200 sources of GAAP exist relating to revenue recognition under U.S. GAAP

25. 25 Looking Ahead The boards have been meeting since 2002 and propose “a single and coherent asset and liability model for revenue recognition” They plan to move toward a balance sheet approach that focuses on whether assets/liabilities have been created and/or balances changed There are two revenue recognition models being discussed at present: 1. The Measurement Model (fair value model)—assets and liabilities are measured at fair value 2. The Allocation Model (customer consideration model)—assets and liabilities are measured by reference to consideration A discussion paper will be issued in 2008

26. 26 End-of-Chapter Practice

27. 27 End-of-Chapter Practice

28. 28 End-of-Chapter Practice

29. 29 End-of-Chapter Practice

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