1. The Moral Principles By: Ronald F. White, Ph.D Professor of Philosophy
College of Mount St. Joseph

2. Social Utility Greatest Happiness Principle Cost-Benefit Analysis
Teleology
Hedonism
Egoism v. Social Utility
Altruism
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Rule Utilitarianism v. Act Utilitarianism
Preference Utilitarianism
Universalistic Utilitarianism

3. Beneficence
Definition: “The obligation to advance the most important interests of other persons and remove harms.”
Imperfect Duty:
Issue: Degree of Personal Sacrifice?
Interest: “Anything you have a stake in.”
Greater Interests: (needs)
Lesser Interests: (wants)
Harm: “The invasion of an interest.”
Objective Harms: Death, Pain, Disability, Loss of Pleasure.

4. Non-Maleficence Harm Principle: “Do no harm.” Issues:
Do not kill others without a good reason.
Do not cause pain to others without a good reason.
Do not disable others without a good reason.
Do not deprive others of pleasure or opportunity without a good reason.
Issues:
What is a good reason?
Self-Inflicted Harm?

5. Liberty Autonomy or Self-Direction Self-Ownership Speech v. Acts
Liberty Limiting Principles:
Harm Principles
Harm to Others: Do whatever you want but do not harm others.
Harm to Self: Do not harm your self.
Harm to Public Institutions: marriage, legal system etc.
Offence Principle
Legal Moralism: “harmless immorality”
Principle of Utility

6. Justice Material Principles: Spheres of Justice
Justice in Retribution (proportionality)
Justice in Distribution (role of scarcity)
Formal Principle: “Treat equals equally and unequals unequally.” (Fairness)
Who benefits and who suffers?
Material Principles:
Merit
Need
Equality
Utility
Contemporary Theories of Justice
Patterned
Utilitarianism- (J.S. Mill, Peter Singer)
Welfare Liberalism (John Rawls)
Unpatterned
Libertarianism (Robert Nozick, F.A. Hayek)

7. Evolutionary Foundations for Emotivism
Emotions are common among mammals, especially primates (monkeys and apes)
Foundational Moral Feelings
Sympathy
The Expanding Circle
In-Group Out-Group Bias
Consolation
Retribution
The Formal Principle of Justice

8. Evolutionary Foundations for Emotivism
Emotions are common among mammals, especially primates (monkeys and apes)
Foundational Moral Feelings
Sympathy
The Expanding Circle
In-Group Out-Group Bias
Consolation
Retribution
The Formal Principle of Justice