1. 4 Major Macromolecules Objectives:
Describe the function of carbohydrates.
Draw the structure of a carbohydrate.
Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.

2. Carbohydrates: Objective 1: Describe the function of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are large sugar molecules
Used as a source of instant energy.
A.K.A—polysaccharides
Starch, cellulose, glycogen

3. Structure of a carbohydrate: Objective 2: Describe the structure of a carbohydrate
Monomer—monosaccharide
2 monosaccharides=disaccharide
3 or more monosaccharides=polysaccharide

5. Objective 3: Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.
Carbohydrates are made through dehydration synthesis
Removes and OH group from one monosaccharide and a H from the other. The left over O then bonds with the free C on the other monosaccharide

6. Carbohydrates are broken by hydrolysis
When water is added, one H will bond with the O sharing a bond between both monosaccharides. The OH will bond with the free C on the other monosaccharide, splitting the polysaccharide into their respective monosaccharides. 

7. Review of Objectives Objectives:
Describe the function of carbohydrates.
Draw the structure of a carbohydrate.
Explain how carbohydrates are broken down and built.

8. Lipids Objectives: Describe the function of lipids
Draw and label the structure of a lipid
Differentiate among the different forms of lipids

9. Objective 1: Describe the function of lipids
Examples of lipids:
Fats
Oils
Wax
Steroids
triglycerides

10. Function of Lipids Stored energy Insulation Hormones
Cell membrane structure

11. Composed of a polar head and a nonpolar fatty acid tail
Objective 2: draw and label the structure of a lipid Structure of a Lipid
Polymer: Lipid
Monomer: Fatty Acid
Composed of a polar head and a nonpolar fatty acid tail

12. 2 Main Types of Fatty Acid Tails
Saturated
No double bonds
Maximum number of hydrogens
Very, very bad for you
Solid fats
Unsaturated
At least one C=C (carbon, carbon double bond)
Low number of hydrogens
Oils
Better for you

13. Objective 3: differentiate among the different types of lipids

14. Triglyceride vs. Phospholipid

15. Review of Objectives Objective 1: describe the function of lipids
Objective 2: draw and label a lipid
Objective 3: differentiate among the different types of lipids

16. Nucleic Acid Objectives: Describe the function of nucleic acids
Draw and label the structure of a nucleotide
Explain how nucleotides link together to make nucleic acids

17. Objective 2: draw and label a nucleotide
Polymer—Nucleic Acid
Monomer—Nucleotide
Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases:
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

18. Objective 3: Explain how nucleotides bond to make a nucleic acid
The phosphate group of one nucleotide, bonds to the sugar of the other nucleotide to link on top of each other.
Then, to link sideways, the nitrogen bases bond in pairs (A-T, C-G)

19. 2 Types of Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Codes for proteins Sugar—deoxyribose
Double helical shape
RNA
Sugar—ribose
One stranded—no double helix

20. Proteins Objectives: Explain the function of proteins
Explain how amino acids link to make proteins

21. Proteins
Monomer—Proteins
20 different amino acids—we can only make 12

22. Structure of an amino acids
1 central carbon
Bonded to 4 other parts
3 are the same in every amino acid
COOH—carboxyl
NH2—amine
Hydrogen
R group—functional group that makes each amino acid unique

23. Objective 2: explain how amino link together to make proteins
Covalent bonds between amino acid
Peptide bonds
Between the amine and carboxyl
A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds is called--polypeptide

25. Objective 1: explain the function of amino acids
They differ in the number in order of amino acid
They sequence and size determines the structure and function
Mostly aid in: eyesight, movement, and digestion. Some work as enzymes

26. Review of Objectives LO 1: explain the function of nucleic acids
LO2: explain how nucleotides link to make nucleic acids
LO3: explain the function of proteins
LO4: explain how amino acids link to make proteins