1. LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY Sixth Edition David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox © 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company CHAPTER 7 Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

2. Representative Monosaccharides

3. Most of the hexoses of living organisms are D isomers

4. Mannose and Galactose are epimers of Glucose

5. Formation of the two cyclic forms of D-glucose In aqueous solution monosaccharides with five or more carbons occur as cyclic structures. Two stereoisomers are produced and called alpha (a) and beta (b).

10. Disaccharides contain a glycosidic bond

11. Common Disaccharides

13. Amylopectin and Glycogen Starch Structure

14. Cellulose

15. French Fries versus Fiber Humans digest starch and glycogen ingested in their diet using α-amylases, enzymes that hydrolyze ( α 1  4) glycosidic bonds. Humans cannot hydrolyze (β1  4) linkages of cellulose. Therefore cellulose is not a fuel source for humans. It is fiber. Certain microorganisms have cellulases, enzymes that hydrolyze ( β 1  4) linkages of cellulose. Cattle have these organisms in their rumen. Termites have them in their intestinal tract.

16. Chitin is the principal component of the exoskeleton of arthropods like insects, lobsters, and crabs Linear homopolysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine in β(1  4) linkage

17. Agarose is a heteropolysaccharide found in the cell walls of some seaweed

18. Glycosaminoglycans are found in the extracellular matrix

20. Cellular location of carbohydrates

21. Proteoglycan aggregate of the extracellular matrix

22. Lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium

23. Role of lectin-ligand interaction in leukocyte movement to the site of an infection or injury