1. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik

2. DEMOGRAPHY It is the scientific study of human population concerning their size, distribution, structure and changes within them. It is the scientific study of human population concerning their size, distribution, structure and changes within them. The science of demography includes 5 processes e.g. marriage, fertility, mortality, migration & social migration. The science of demography includes 5 processes e.g. marriage, fertility, mortality, migration & social migration.

3. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DEMOGRAPHY SIZE: SIZE: –Refers to the number of persons in the population at a given time. (growth, decline). DISTRIBUTION: DISTRIBUTION: –Refers to the arrangement of the population in space at a given time. STRUCTURE: STRUCTURE: –Is the distribution of the population among its sex and age groupings

4. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DEMOGRAPHY CHANGES occur due to growth or decline of the total population resulting from births, deaths, and in- or out migration. CHANGES occur due to growth or decline of the total population resulting from births, deaths, and in- or out migration.

5. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik POPULATION STUDY Population studies are not only concerned with demographic variables (births, deaths and migration) but also with relationships between population changes and other variables- social, economic, political, biological, genetic, geographical, environment, health and alike. Population studies are not only concerned with demographic variables (births, deaths and migration) but also with relationships between population changes and other variables- social, economic, political, biological, genetic, geographical, environment, health and alike.

6. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE 1. High stationary: 1. High stationary: – ↑↑↑ Birth rate= ↑↑↑ Death rate 2. Early expanding: 2. Early expanding: – ↑↑↑ Birth rate= ↑↑ Death rate 3. Late expanding: 3. Late expanding: – ↑↑ Birth rate= ↑ Death rate 4. Low stationary: 4. Low stationary: – ↑ Birth rate= ↑ Death rate 5. Declining: 5. Declining: – ↑ Birth rate= ↑↑ Death rate

7. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik WORLD POPULATION 007 AD250 millions 007 AD250 millions 18001000 millions (1800 years) 18001000 millions (1800 years) 18501030 M 18501030 M 19001650 M 19001650 M 19302000 M 19302000 M 19603000 M 19603000 M 19754000 M(175 years) 19754000 M(175 years) 19875000 M 19875000 M 19996000 M 19996000 M 20258000 M 20258000 M

8. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik POPULATION OF WORLD

9. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik POPULATION OF WORLD

10. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik DOUBLING TIME It implies the time needed for the population to double. It implies the time needed for the population to double. More the growth rate of population, less the doubling time. More the growth rate of population, less the doubling time. Annual growth rate Doubling time (yrs) 2.035 1.547 1.070 0.5139

11. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik WORLD POPULATION Three fourth of pop.Developing countries Three fourth of pop.Developing countries Populous countries are Populous countries are –China1285 M (21.08%) –India1027 m (16.87%) –USA286 M (4.63%)

12. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik CRUDE BIRTH RATE The no. of births per 1000 population per year in a given community. The no. of births per 1000 population per year in a given community.

13. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik CRUDE DEATH RATE It is the total no. of deaths per 1000 population per year in a given community. It indicates the rate at which people are dying. It is the total no. of deaths per 1000 population per year in a given community. It indicates the rate at which people are dying.

14. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik GROWTH RATE When crude death rate is subtracted from crude birth rate, the net result is annual growth rate. When crude death rate is subtracted from crude birth rate, the net result is annual growth rate. The growth rate is commonly expressed in percentage. The growth rate is commonly expressed in percentage. GR=CBR-CDR GR=CBR-CDR Growth rate is subjected to momentum. Growth rate is subjected to momentum. –The factors are age distribution, marriage customs, cultural, social and economic factors.

15. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik POPULATION GROWTH It refers to the rate at which a given population is expected to increase in a given period of time. It is presented in %age. It refers to the rate at which a given population is expected to increase in a given period of time. It is presented in %age. PG= NATURAL INCREASE+NET MIGRATION PG= NATURAL INCREASE+NET MIGRATION Net migration is the total number of persons added or subtracted from a population as a result of combined effect of immigration and emigration. Net migration is the total number of persons added or subtracted from a population as a result of combined effect of immigration and emigration.

16. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik CBR & CDR

17. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik CBR & CDR CountryCBRCDR Pakistan309 India249 Bangladesh298 Thailand187 China157 JAPAN98 Singapore105 UK1010 USA158 WORLD229

18. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik ZERO POPULATION GROWTH Replacement level fertility Replacement level fertility When a couple has two births during their reproductive life, just enough to replace themselves. When a couple has two births during their reproductive life, just enough to replace themselves. At a community level, replacement level is considered when there are, on an average 2.1 births per woman. At a community level, replacement level is considered when there are, on an average 2.1 births per woman.

19. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik AGE – SEX COMPOSITION It refers the to the proportion of males and females in different age groups. It refers the to the proportion of males and females in different age groups. Age sex composition has a direct impact on social, economic, and health needs of communities. Age sex composition has a direct impact on social, economic, and health needs of communities. OLD population-care of elderly OLD population-care of elderly YOUNG population-more schools, vaccinations, economic support YOUNG population-more schools, vaccinations, economic support

20. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik POPULATION PYRAMID It is a pictorial presentation of age sex composition of a population. It is a pictorial presentation of age sex composition of a population. –Male to female ratio in diff. age groups –Population is old or young –Dependency ratio –Rate at which population is increasing –Recent changes in fertility or mortality.

21. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Sex Ratio It is the number of females per 1000 males It is the number of females per 1000 males It is affected by It is affected by –Mortality conditions among male and females –Sex selective migration –Sex ratio at birth Sex ratio= no. of males/no. of femalesX100 Sex ratio= no. of males/no. of femalesX100

22. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Dependency Ratio The proportion of persons above 65 years and below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent on the economically productive age group. The proportion of persons above 65 years and below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent on the economically productive age group. The ratio of combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15- 65 years age group is referred as dependency ratio. The ratio of combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15- 65 years age group is referred as dependency ratio.

23. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Dependency Ratio Pakistan = > 80 % Pakistan = > 80 % Japan = 43 % Japan = 43 %

24. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Growth rates 95% growth is in developing countries 95% growth is in developing countries One third of world population is, 15 years of age One third of world population is, 15 years of age Population will be 8 billion in 2025 Population will be 8 billion in 2025 Population will be 10 billion in 2050 Population will be 10 billion in 2050 Population will be 20.7 billion in 2100. Population will be 20.7 billion in 2100.

25. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik Growth rates 176 per minute 176 per minute 10564 per hour 10564 per hour 253,542 per day 253,542 per day 92,543,000 per year 92,543,000 per year

26. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik FERTILITY It refers to the actual bearing of children by a woman It refers to the actual bearing of children by a woman It is the actual reproductive performance of the woman or a couple. It is the actual reproductive performance of the woman or a couple.

27. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik MORTALITY It refers to the experience of a population in terms of deaths. It refers to the experience of a population in terms of deaths. Frequency of age, sex and cause of death in a society would reveal the underlying health problems and health services shortcomings and would identify specific interventions. Frequency of age, sex and cause of death in a society would reveal the underlying health problems and health services shortcomings and would identify specific interventions.

28. Dr. Muhammad Razzaq Malik URBANIZATION It occurs due to migration of rural population into urban centers / areas resulting in increase in urban population and growth of cities. It occurs due to migration of rural population into urban centers / areas resulting in increase in urban population and growth of cities.