1. Basics of Photography

2. History of Photography  The first successful photograph was produced in June/July 1827 by Niépce, it required eight hours of exposure  Niépce’s partner Daguerre developed photographic plates, exposure time half an hour. DAGUERREOTYPE

4. Paper Negatives  The earliest paper negative we know of was produced in August 1835, by William Henry Fox  He called them Calotypes  An unlimited number of prints could be made

5. Collodion  In 1851 a new era in photography was introduced by Frederick Scott Archer, who introduced the Collodion process.  Exposure time was two to three seconds.

6. Kodak  In 1888, George Eastman invented the Kodak camera  Enough film for 100 shots

7. Brownie  1900 - First mass- marketed camera was created  Called Brownie

8. History of Camera  1913 - 35mm camera  1948 - Polaroid  1969 - first digital images sent from the moon  1978 - Point and Shoot

9. Digital Cameras  1984 - Digital  1994 - First point and shoot camera affordable for the general public  2000 - First DSLR

10. Film Cameras  Use negative film to create positive prints  Can also use transparency, or positive, film to create slides  Usually have lenses, with pinhole being an exception  Usually have an internal metering system, with pinhole, Holga, and large format cameras being exceptions

11. Viewfinder Cameras  Viewfinder cameras use a rangefinder system

12. SLR Cameras  SLR cameras use a pentaprism system  Pinhole cameras don’t have a viewfinder system at all  Large format photographers look through a groundglass at the back of the camera.

13. 35mm Camera Lenses  50mm is a “normal” lens  A lens longer than 50mm is a “telephoto” lens  A lens shorter than 50mm is a “wide-angle” lens  Zoom lenses allow you to alter focal length within one lens  Fixed focal length lenses are a set focal length such as 100mm or 50mm

14. Minimum Focusing Distance  The closest distance you can be to the subject and still have the subject in focus  Information is usually found within manufacturer’s documentation  Macro settings will usually allow shorter focusing distances  Macro settings on zoom lenses don’t allow as short of focal lengths as macro settings on fixed focal length lenses

15. Purchasing Lenses  Things to consider when purchasing lenses:  Who made the camera?  Who made the lens you’re thinking about buying?  Will that lens work with the mount of that camera? Be careful when you make that purchase!

17. Additional Considerations  Purchasing a lens shade for the camera  Consider purchasing an ultraviolet (UV) filter to protect your lens

18. Diaphragm and Aperture  Diaphragm: An arrangement of flat, thin, overlapping pieces of metal within the lens  Aperture: The hole created at the center of the diaphragm to allow light to pass through the lens  F-stop: Focal length of a lens divided by the diameter of the aperture

19. Typical F-stop Values  f/2.8  f/4  f/5.6  f/8  f/11  f/16  f/22

20. F-stop and Aperture Relationships  The amount of light passing through the aperture doubles or cuts in half as you go from one f-stop to the next.  You change the aperture to change the depth-of- field (blur background or not)

21. Shutter Speeds  The shutter speed refers to how long the sensor is active and the shutter stays open.  Typical shutter speeds range from 30 seconds to 1/4000 second  Each doubling or cutting in half of the shutter speed is considered a change of one “stop”  Many 35mm cameras can choose shutter speeds that result in 1/3- or 1/2-stop changes  Lear (iris) shutters are in the lens.  Focal plane (curtain) shutters are in the back of the camera.

22. 35mm Digital Cameras  Use CMOS (typically) or CCD (in high-end cameras) sensors to collect light information  Light hits the photosites that:  Measure the intensity of the light  Record the red, green, or blue components of the scene via a colored filter over each photosite

23. Saving Digital Images  Digital cameras use memory cards  Memory cards come in a variety of sizes from 128MB to 1 gigabyte or more  Cameras must use a specific size  Consult the owner’s manual to learn what your camera’s manufacturer recommends

24. Medium-Format Cameras  Made by manufacturers such as Pentax, Mamiya, and Hassselblad  Most common film sizes are:  2-1/4 x 2-1/4-inch, square (6 x 6 cm)  1-5/8 x 2-1/4-inch (4.5 x 6 cm)  2-1/4 x 2-3/4-inch (6 x 7 cm)

25. Normal Focal Length for medium-format lenses  A lens with a focal length of 80-90mm is considered “normal”  A lens greater than 90mm is considered “telephoto”  A lens less than 80mm is considered “wide- angle”

26. Plastic Cameras  Made by manufacturers – Holga and Diana  Are considered toys, but can make highly artistic photographs

27. Pinhole Cameras  One of the first types of cameras built  Contains no mechanical or electronic components  Can be built out of common household objects such as oatmeal boxes  Have glassless fixed holes that allow light to hit the film inside

28. Large Format Cameras  Include 4 x 5-inch field and monorail styles  Include 8 x 10-inch cameras or larger  Allow specific movements of the front plane independently of the back (film-holding) plane

29. Normal Focal Length for large-format lenses  A lens with a focal length of 120 mm is considered “normal”  A lens greater than 120mm is considered “telephoto”  A lens less than 120mm is considered “wide- angle”

30. Cell Phone Cameras  Manufactured by Sony/Ericsson, Motorola, Sanyo, HP, Palm, and Nokia  Very low resolution files  Best for sending over the Internet, not for printing

31. RGB  The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three additive primary colors, red, green, and blue.

32. CMYK  The CMYK color model (process color, four color) is a subtractive color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. CMYK refers to the four inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key black.

33. Tripods/Unipod  Tripods and unipods are used to keep the camera steady  Tri-three  Un-one