1. Chapter 11 Stratification and Global Inequality The Meaning of Stratification Stratification and the Means of Existence Stratification and Culture Power, Authority, and Stratification

2. Chapter 11 Stratification and Global Inequality Stratification in the Modern Era Theories of Stratification Stratification and Global Inequality

3. Social Stratification Society’s system for ranking people hierarchically according to attributes: Wealth Power Prestige

4. Caste System Closed stratification system into which people are born and in which they remain for life. Membership in a caste is ascribed.

5. Class System Social strata based primarily on economic criteria. Classes of modern societies are defined by the prestige they receive from society. The way people are grouped with respect to their access to scarce resources determines their life chances.

6. Social Stratification For small farmers or peasants social strata are based on land ownership and agrarian labor. Members of lowest strata do the hardest work while those at the top live in relative comfort. Entire classes have been been eliminated in modern industrial societies as a result of changes in the means of existence.

7. Norms That Reinforce Stratification Deference- how people behave around those of a higher status. Demeanor – how people present themselves.

8. Elements of the Great Transformation Goods, lands and labor were transformed into commodities whose values could be translated into money. Relationships based on ascribed status were replaced with relationships based on contracts.

9. Elements of the Great Transformation The corporation replaced the family, manor or guild as the dominant economic institution. Rural people began selling their labor for wages. Demands for full political rights and quality of opportunity spread to wage workers, the poor and women.

10. Conflict Theory Capitalist societies are divided into two opposing classes: workers and capitalists. Conflict between classes would lead to revolutions that would result in a classless society. Marx prediction was not borne out in any society that attempted to implement his ideas on a large scale.

11. Functionalist Perspective Social classes emerge because unequal distribution of rewards is necessary to channel talented people into important roles in society. Fails to account for the fact that social rewards in one generation improve the life chances of the next generation. Doesn't explain why talented people from lower-class families are unable to obtain highly rewarded positions.

12. Interactionist Perspective People form status groups whose prestige is measured according to what they buy and what they communicate through their purchases. Stratification system is created over and over again through the everyday behaviors of people.

13. Globalization Opens new regions to increased trade and investment from other parts of the world, and to greater movement of people across national boundaries. The benefits are not shared equally: richest 20% command far more than their share of wealth, information and energy.

14. Human Poverty Index Based on measures of deprivation in longevity, knowledge and standard of living. Among Developing Countries: Lowest human poverty index: Trinidad and Tobego (4.1%). Highest poverty index: Mali (54.7%).

15. Gender Disparities No contemporary society treats women as well as men. In developing countries 60% more women than men are illiterate. In industrial countries unemployment is higher among women than men and women constitute 3/4 of unpaid family workers.

16. Costs of Universal Access to Basic Social Services Basic education $6 billion Basic health and nutrition $ 13 billion Reproductive health and family planning $12 billion Low-cost water supply and sanitation $9 billion Total: $40 billion