1. The South and West Transformed (1865–1900) The New South Westward Expansion and the American Indians Transforming the West The South and West Transformed (1865-1900)

2. The New South Sec 1: The New South Industries and Cities Grow Main Idea: In the 1880s, new industries spread throughout the south. As cigar and lumber production increased, along with the growth of coal-, iron-, and steel-processing centers, new cities emerged in the Carolinas, Georgia, Virginia, Tennessee, and Alabama. Southern Farmers Face Hard Times Main Idea: Before the Civil War, most southern planters had concentrated on such crops as cotton and tobacco, which were grown to be sold for cash. The lure of the cash crop continued after the war, despite efforts to diversify. The South’s heavy reliance on these cash crops made them vulnerable when pests threatened their crops. Black Southerners Gain and Lose Main Idea: The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments had changed African Americans’ legal status. Over time, however, these legal gains were pushed back by a series of Supreme Court decisions.

3. Wholesale Price of Cotton, 1865-1890 Chart: Wholesale Price of Cotton 1865-1890 CHART

4. Westward Expansion and the American Indians Sec 2: Westward Expansion and the American Indians Cultures Under Pressure Main Idea: By the end of the Civil War, about 250,000 Indians lived in the region west of the Mississippi River referred to as “The Great American Desert.” Although they were lumped together in the minds of most Americans as “Indians,” Native Americans embraced many different belief systems, languages, and ways of life. New Settlers and Native Americans Clash Main Idea: The rapid industrial development and expansion following the Civil War set Native Americans and white settlers on a collision course. The End of the Indian Wars Main Idea: The conditions facing Native Americans had all the ingredients for tragedy. Indians were confined to isolated and impoverished areas, which were regularly subject to disease. Frustration, particularly among young warriors, turned to violence. The Government Promotes Assimilation Main Idea: The reservation policy was a failure. Making Indians live in confined areas as wards of the government was costly in human and economic terms.

5. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Note Taking: Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence NOTE TAKING

6. Assimilation by Force Infographic: Assimilation by Force INFOGRAPHIC

7. Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 2 PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency

8. Issues of the Gilded Age (1877–1900) Segregation and Social Tensions Political and Economic Challenges Farmers and Populism Issues of the Gilded Age (1877-1900)

9. Segregation and Social Tensions Sec 1: Segregation and Social Tensions African Americans Lose Freedoms Main Idea: After the election of 1876, southern governments enacted various measures aimed at disenfranchising, or taking away the voting rights of, African Americans. These governments enacted Jim Crow laws that kept blacks and whites segregated, or apart. African Americans Oppose Injustices Main Idea: African Americans refused to accept their status as second-class citizens. Although they did not always agree on strategies, they were united in their determination to “never turn back” until they had equality. Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination Main Idea: During the same time that Jim Crow arose in the South, Chinese immigrants faced racial prejudice on the West Coast. The Supreme Court upheld the Chinese Exclusion Act and several other discriminatory measures. The Japanese faced similar circumstances, but were not legally prohibited from immigrating to the US—they were barred by the Gentlemen’s Agreement between Teddy Roosevelt and the Japanese Government Mexican Americans Struggle in the West Main Idea: Like African Americans and Asian Americans, Mexican Americans struggled against discrimination in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Women Make Gains and Suffer Setbacks Main Idea: In the decades that followed the Civil War, women continued to fight for the rights to vote, own property, and receive an education. In some cases, they were successful; in others, they were not.

10. Reading Skill: Summarize Note Taking: Reading Skill: Summarize NOTE TAKING

11. Voter Turnout in South Carolina, 1876-1896 Chart: Voter Turnout in South Carolina 1876-1896 CHART

12. Political and Economic Challenges Sec 2: Political and Economic Challenges Balance of Power Creates Stalemate Main Idea: Between 1877 and 1897, party loyalties were so evenly divided that no faction or group gained control for any period of time. This made it very difficult to pass new laws. Corruption Plagues National Politics Main Idea: Grover Cleveland’s reputation for honesty was an exception. Many government officials routinely accepted bribes and offered jobs to loyal party workers with little regard for their qualifications. This system was known as the Spoils System or Patronage System. The end of the century saw a movement to replace this system with the Civil Service System, which created an objective measure of qualifications for positions instead of just handing them out to supporters. Economic Issues Challenge the Nation Main Idea: The tariff and monetary policy were critical economic issues during the Gilded Age that sharply divided the Democrats and Republicans, providing an opportunity for a growing third party, the Populist Party. A major economic issue of the period was about the coinage of money. Democrats and Populists tended to support bimetallism—the use gold and silver to back the value of paper currency. Republicans were known as Gold Bugs due to their unwavering support of the gold standard.

13. Political Cartoons: The Bosses of the Senate Analyze: Political Cartoons: The Bosses of the Senate ANALYZE

14. Farmers and Populism Sec 3: Farmers and Populism Farmers Face Many Problems Main Idea: The farmers of the West and the South were willing to accept the difficulties of farm life. Yet, farmers discovered that other enormous obstacles stood in the way of realizing their dreams. Farmers Organize and Seek Change Main Idea: Farmers refused to accept their circumstances and created a network of organizations to address their problems, starting with the Granger movement, then the Farmer’s Alliance. The Populist Party Demands Reforms Main Idea: The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances culminated with the formation of the Populist Party, or People’s Party, in 1892. The Populist Party spread rapidly, putting pressure on the two major political parties to consider their demands. Economic Crisis and Populism’s Decline Main Idea: In 1893, a four-year-long depression began that not only worsened conditions for already- suffering farmers, but for other Americans as well. The major parties failed to satisfactorily respond to the nation’s distress. Populism’s Legacy Main Idea: Even though the Populist Party fell apart, many of the specific reforms that it advocated became a reality in the early decades of the twentieth century. These reforms included a graduated income tax, regulation of the railroads, and a more flexible monetary system.

15. The Populist Movement Transparency: The Populist Movement TRANSPARENCY

16. The Triumph of Industry (1865—1914) Technology and Industrial Growth The Rise of Big Business The Organized Labor Movement The Triumph of Industry (1850-1900)

17. Technology and Industrial Growth Sec 1: Technology and Industrial Growth Encouraging Industrial Growth Main Idea: The Civil War challenged industries to make products more quickly and efficiently than they had been made before. Factories stepped up production, the food industry transformed itself, and railroads expanded. Meanwhile, the government encouraged immigration to meet the increasing demand for labor in the nation’s factories. Innovation Drives the Nation Main Idea: By the late 1800s, the drive for innovation and efficiency seemed to touch every sphere of life in the United States. The number of patents grew exponentially during this time and businessmen invested heavily in these new innovations. The Impact of Industrialization Main Idea: Industrialization touched every aspect of American life, from the way businesses and farms operated to the kinds of products used by average Americans. It also affected the country’s relationship with the rest of the world and with its own environment.

18. Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects NOTE TAKING

19. Industry in the United States TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Industry in the United States

20. Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 1 PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency

21. The Rise of Big Business Sec 2: The Rise of Big Business Fighting for Profits Main Idea: Until the mid-nineteenth century, most businesses were run by one person or family and were local. Industrialization and railroads changed all this. Debating the Role of Big Business Main Idea: Throughout the 1880s, business mergers created powerful empires for those who invested in steel, railroads, meat, farm equipment, sugar, lumber, and a number of other enterprises. However, while business leaders grew wealthy, many smaller companies and consumers began to question their goals and tactics. The Government Imposes Regulations Main Idea: The great industrialists’ methods and their stranglehold on the nation’s economy worried some Americans, and in 1887, the United States Senate created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee railroad operations.

22. Political Cartoons: Robber Barons TRANSPARENCY

23. What is the legacy of the business tycoon? Comparing Viewpoints: What is the legacy of the business tycoon? COMPARING VIEWPOINTS

24. The Organized Labor Movement Sec 3: The Organized Labor Movement Workers Endure Hardships Main Idea: The industrial expansion in the United States made the American economy grow by leaps and bounds. However, the people who actually performed the work in factories and industries struggled to survive. Labor Unions Form Main Idea: Industrialization lowered the prices of consumer goods, but in the late 1800s most factory workers still did not earn enough to buy them. Increasingly, workers took their complaints directly and forcefully to their employers, often through organized unions. A union is an organized, group effort to achieve some goal. In the case of labor unions, the goals were often higher pay, shorter work hours, and safer work conditions. The hope was that the voices of many would ring more loudly than that of a single person. Strikes Rock the Nation Main Idea: As membership in labor unions rose and labor activists became more skilled in organizing large-scale protests, a wave of bitter confrontations between labor and management hit the nation.

25. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

26. Shifts in U.S. Labor Force Chart: Shifts in U.S. Labor Force CHART

27. Major Strikes of the Late 1800s Quick Study: Major Strikes of the Late 1800s QUICK STUDY

28. The Drive for Reform Women Make Progress The Struggle Against Discrimination The Progressive Era (1890-1920) Roosevelt’s Square Deal Wilson’s New Freedom The Progressive Era (1890–1920)

29. The Drive for Reform Sec 1: The Drive for Reform Origins of Progressivism Main Idea: The Progressive Movement was started to fight for a variety of political, social, and religious problems. Muckrakers Reveal the Need for Reform Main Idea: Journalists called muckrakers and fiction writers brought social problems to the public’s attention. Progressives Reform Society Main Idea: As Progressives gained support, they achieved reforms for the poor and children and improved the education system and working conditions for industrial workers. Reforming Government Main Idea: Progressives made changes to local governments and reformed election rules to give citizens more power. One of the major governmental reforms was the 17 th Amendment, which called for US Senators to be elected by the people, rather than the state legislature. Progressive leaders were elected into offices in many states, making it easier for reforms to occur. Many states also passed laws allowing for referendums (putting a legislature approved issue to a vote by the public), recalls (allowing for a special election to remove an elected official from office), and initiatives (a way for citizens to put an issue to a vote without legislature involvement).

30. Reading Skill: Identify Details Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Details NOTE TAKING

31. Political Cartoon: Business and Government Corruption Analyze: Political Cartoons: Business and Government Corruption ANALYZE In the 1880s, Jacob Sharp expanded his streetcar business by bribing New York City aldermen and other government officials.

32. Women Make Progress Sec 2: Women Make Progress Progressive Women Expand Reforms Main Idea: During the Progressive Movement many women took steps to gain reform for working conditions and family life. Some of the major reform efforts lead by women included the settlement house movement, whose most famous advocate was Jane Addams (born in Freeport, IL, attended college in Rockford, and opened Hull House in Chicago). Settlement houses provided a variety of services—health care, English lessons, daycare for children—to primarily immigrants, but also others. Carrie Nation spearheaded the revived temperance movement, which sought to ban alcohol, which happened with the 18 th Amendment. Margaret Sanger advocated for access to and education about birth control. Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul were two Progressive leaders who helped reenergize the national suffrage, or right to vote, movement. Eventually, they were successful when Congress approved the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

33. Political Cartoons: Women’s Suffrage Transparency: Political Cartoons: Women’s Suffrage TRANSPARENCY

34. Passages of Women’s Suffrage Graph: Passages of Women’s Suffrage GRAPH

35. The Struggle Against Discrimination Sec 3: The Struggle Against Discrimination Progressivism Presents Contradictions Main Idea: Although many reforms occurred during the Progressive Era, many non-whites and immigrants also suffered as Protestants tried to force Americanization on them. Settlement Houses were one way in which Progressives attempted to Americanize immigrants to the United States. Racism was prevalent even among Progressives, and segregation became the norm in many areas of the country. In 1896, the Supreme Court upheld segregation with their ruling in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. This case legalized the idea of “separate, but equal.” It was alright to have separate facilities for different races as long as the facilities could be claimed to be equal (this was rarely if ever the reality since equal was not defined). African Americans Demand Reforms Main Idea: African American leaders organized to gain reforms. The first attempt to organize for racial equality is known as the Niagara Movement. Their efforts led to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League. Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights Main Idea: Jews, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Mexican Americans formed groups to help fight for their rights in the early 1900’s.

36. How should we respond to discrimination? Comparing Viewpoints: How should we respond to discrimination? COMPARING VIEWPOINTS

37. Organizing for Civil Rights Transparency: Organizing for Civil Rights TRANSPARENCY

38. Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 3 PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency

39. Roosevelt’s Square Deal Sec 4: Roosevelt’s Square Deal Roosevelt Shapes the Modern Presidency Main Idea: When Theodore Roosevelt became President in 1901, he expanded the powers of the President and shaped the modern presidency. He fought for reform proposals that would keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of the poor. Trustbusting and Regulating Industry Main Idea: During Roosevelt’s presidency, the government enacted many reforms involving labor unions, control of shipping costs, antitrusts, and the food and drug industries. Two of the more lasting reforms and laws are the Meant Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. The Government Manages the Environment Main Idea: Following the advice of naturalists, Roosevelt closed off land and pushed for laws that would conserve water and other natural resources. He also established the first national park as a conservation site. Roosevelt was an avid outdoorsman, and this fit his personality and mentality perfectly. Roosevelt and Taft Differ Main Idea: When Taft was elected President, he changed many of Roosevelt’s policies, including relaxing control of trusts. His policies encouraged Roosevelt to seek another term in office.

40. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

41. Wilson’s New Freedom Sec 5: Wilson’s New Freedom Wilson and the Democrats Prevail Main Idea: In the 1912 presidential election, the Republican Party was divided between Taft and Roosevelt (who had failed to win the Republican nomination and therefore created his own party, the Bull Moose Party), leading the way for Democrat Woodrow Wilson to be elected. Once in office, Wilson developed a Progressive plan, which he called New Freedom, that placed strong government control on corporations. Wilson Regulates the Economy Main Idea: Wilson worked to give the government more control of the economy. Some of the laws passed during his term included lowering tariffs, reforming the banking system, strengthening antitrust regulation, and supporting labor unions and workers’ rights. Progressivism Leaves a Lasting Legacy Main Idea: Changes in the American economy and the government’s role in managing natural resources still have an impact on society today.

42. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING

43. The Election of 1912 Transparency: The Election of 1912 TRANSPARENCY

44. Presidential Election of 1912 Chart: Presidential Election of 1912 CHART

45. Progressive Era Legislation and Constitutional Amendments Chart: Progressive Era Legislation and Constitutional Amendments CHART