1. Chapter 23 Advanced

2. a. Microscopic single celled organisms b. Prokaryotes-no nucleus or organelles c. Genetic material – single circular piece of DNA d. Cell Wall AND cell membrane e. Pilus – attach to other cells f. Flagella – enables movement g. ***Outer membrane-gram negative bacteria only h. ***Capsule-protection and helps the cell attach to other cells and surfaces

3. I.See chart on page 468 in textbook

4. I.Structure of bacteria

5. Asexual Reproduction-new cells identical to the original cell Binary Fission – one cell divides into two new bacteria

6. Sexual Reproduction-allows genetic variety Conjugation – bacteria exchange genetic material (allows genetic variety)

7. i. Rod -bacillus ii. Round -coccus iii. Spiral – spirullum

8. i. Chains-Strepto ii. Clusters- Staphylo iii. Pairs-Diplo Streptococcus Chains Round

9. a. Gram staining helps determine which antibiotics would be most useful in fighting an infection i. Gram Positive-cell wall turns purple ii. Gram Negative-cell wall turns pink

10. Gram Negative Gram Positive

11. a. Endospores-structure that resist dry conditions, harsh chemicals, and high temperatures; killing requires sterilization. b. Penicillium-fungus that causes holes to develop in the cell walls of bacteria

12. a. Methane-producing bacteria – methanogens (intestines, swamps, sewage, landfills) b. Acid-loving bacteria – thermoacidophiles (hotsprings) c. Salt-loving bacteria – halophiles (dead sea)

13. a. Photosynthetic-produce food and oxygen (Cyanobacteria -Anabaena) b. Chemosynthetic-make food using nitrogen and sulfur (Rhizobium) c. Heterotrophs i. Parasites-bacteria that feed on living things ii. Decomposers or saprophytes -feed on dead organisms or organic waste d. Aerobic bacteria-live in the presence of oxygen (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) e. Anaerobic bacteria-live in oxygen-free environments (Clostridium tetani)

14. I.Clostridium tetani a. Tetanus (lockjaw) is a serious disease that causes painful tightening of the muscles, usually all over the body. It can lead to "locking" of the jaw so the victim cannot open his mouth or swallow. Tetanus leads to death in about 1 in 10 cases. b. Transmission is primarily by contaminated wounds. The typical example is stepping on a rusty nail.

15. I.Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis a. Tuberculosis, or TB, is an infectious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (where oxygen is present) b. It is transmitted from person to person via droplets from the throat and lungs of people with the active respiratory disease

16. 1. Acne 2. Food Spoilage 3. Pathogens-disease causing microorganism  Cholera/Typhus  Bubonic Plague  Chlamydia  Cavities  Pneumonia  Strep throat  Tuberculosis

17. 1. Endotoxins – released when cell dies. (E.coli) 2. Exotoxins – secreted into environment. (Clostridium tetani)  Staphylococcus-food poisoning  Clostridium botulinum-food poisoning Babies cannot eat HONEY  E. coli- fecal to oral transmission  Clostridium tetani-nerve toxins causes tetanus

18. v. Bioweapons – toxins or pathogens suitable for mass infection (Anthrax) vi. Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria – Contributing factors: antibacterial soaps, antibiotic overuse, & failure to complete antibiotic treatment

19. i. Decomposers recycle nutrients – Natures recyclers i. Nitrogen fixing bacteria ii. Food Production-cheese, milk, pickles, yogurt iii. Medicine-antibiotics, insulin, Vitamins iv. Mining-cleaning oil spills