1. Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors without equations An overview of liquid Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors without equations ∑  x<  +-=  -  * ± An overview of liquid-fueled liquid-cooled thermal spectrum Thorium breeder reactors and why they matter. Rob Morse Science Engineer- Nuclear Option 2012 1

2. Outline   Motivations for Nuclear Power   LFTR overview   Nuclear Chemistry   Chemistry   Myths   Questions 2

3. Power makes a difference. LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 2009 3

4. The Necessities A power source must be-  Self regulating when it is ON  “Walk away” safe when it is OFF  Inherently safe in case of an ACCIDENT LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 20094

5. Fuel for a lifetime? You consume a ball of coal 10 meters in diameter… You consume a ball of coal 10 meters in diameter… …or a ball or thorium 37mm in diameter. …or a ball or thorium 37mm in diameter. LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 20095

6. Outline   Motivations for Nuclear Power   LFTR overview   Nuclear Chemistry   Chemistry   Myths   Questions 6

7. Reactor Basics   Reactors make heat through fission and decay. The heat is then converted into mechanical power and then to electrical power.   Fission is controlled by the neutron population around the nuclear fuel. More neutrons produce more fissions and more heat.   The neutron economy is tightly controlled by material properties, physics, and design. 7

8. Nuclear Fission 8

9. Cross Section The probability that the neutron interacts with the nucleus depends on the neutron’s speed. We describe the probability as an apparent SIZE of the nucleus. The larger the apparent size, the higher the probability. This is a geometric interpretation of a probabilistic quantum mechanical event. Reaction equations are of the form- Number of events/time = (neutron flux) (spatial density of target nuclei) ( cross section for the event )

10. Moderation and Rx Probabilities LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200910

11. Speed? LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200911

12. Core Options   Standard pressurized water reactor (PWR) – –Water flows over a core of ceramic fuel pins. Water acts as coolant and moderator. Reactivity is controlled by the moderator density and by control rods.   Liquid Fluoride Thorium reactor (LFTR) – –A liquid fuel flows though a core of graphite. The fuel acts as coolant, the graphite as moderator. Reactivity is controlled by the fuel density. 12

13. Temperature Stability inlet outlet reactivity Fuel-coolant temperature A power plant with a built in thermostat! LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200913 Graphite Moderator

14. Improved reactor design LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200914 reactivity temperature

15. Fuel Loop The Reactor at “idle” LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200915

16. Walk-Away Safe 16

17. Little or no radioactive waste No bomb materials Low cost per power delivered Small physical size Power on demand A wide choice of building sites. An Efficient Design LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200917

18. Size matters! Your nuclear waste is the size of a few grains of rice! LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200918

19. Lets Make Power   This is a picture of the waste heat coming from the original LFTR test cell.   The heat transfer fluid (molten salt) is at low pressure.   We can use a gas cycle, like a jet engine, to convert heat into mechanical power. (highly efficient)   These plants can run at partial load. LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200919

20. Outline   Motivations for Nuclear Power   LFTR overview   Nuclear Chemistry   Chemistry   Myths   Questions 20

21. Chart of the Nuclides for LFTR Uranium (92) Protactinium (91) Thorium (90) Fissile Fuel! + N ~22 min half-life B- ~27 days half-life B- Ref: http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/reCenter.jsp?z=90&n=142 Raw Material! 21

22. Uranium vs Thorium as a Fuel   0.7 % of Uranium is fissionable. The rest becomes nuclear waste.   Thorium is isotopically pure and converted to U233 for fuel.   For fuel cycle side-reactions see- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium_fuel_cycle 22

23. Fuel or Waste We want the fuel to fission rather than transmute. U233- 90% fissions U235- 83% fissions P239- 50% fissions P241- 25% fissions LFTR wo Equations. Thorium power conference, Oct 200923

24. Outline   Motivations for Nuclear Power   LFTR overview   Nuclear Chemistry   Chemistry   Myths   Questions 24

25. LFTR Processing Details Fluoride Volatility Vacuum Distillation Uranium Absorption- Reduction 232,233,234 UF 6 7 LiF-BeF 2 -UF 4 233 UF 6 Fission Product Waste Hexafluoride Distillation Fluoride Volatility 7LiF-BeF 2 “Bare” Salt Pa-233 Decay Tank Metallic Thorium feed stream MoF 6, TcF 6, SeF 6, RuF 5, TeF 6, IF 7, Other F 6 Fuel Salt xF 6 Blanket Two-Fluid Reactor Bismuth-metal Reductive Extraction Column Molybdenum and Iodine for Medical Uses Fertile Salt Recycle Fertile Salt Recycle Fuel Salt Pa Return25 Core

26. Metal Reduction Column 26

27. Outline   Motivations for Nuclear Power   LFTR overview   Nuclear Chemistry   Chemistry   Myths   Questions 27

28. Myth of Half Life   What makes a radioactive material dangerous? – –Even low energy beta decays can break organic bonds.   Is a material with a 1 second half life dangerous? – –It is very dangerous..today. Tomorrow it is inert.   Is a 15 billion year half life dangerous? (Half of it has decayed since the big bang.) It has a very low activity, and we used it for hundreds of years.   How about a thousand year half life? It is both active and persistent. 28

29. Myth of Creating Radioactivity   If radiation is dangerous then we should do what we can to eliminate it from the environment. That is exactly what nuclear reactors do. They are the nuclear analog to chemical catalysis reactors; they accelerate natural processes.   The only way to “create” nuclear radiation is with particle accelerators. Conventional reactors simply accelerate decay towards stable elements. 29

30. Myth of Concentration Thorium and uranium are dispersed in nature and they decay naturally. We concentrate them, and so concentrate their natural toxicity. For safe disposal, should we re-disperse them and lower their effective activity, or sequester them and decrease our contact? 30

31. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor http://www.scribd.com/doc/59204103/Thorium-presentation-Green- Energy-Forum-2008-07-25 http://www.thoriumenergyalliance.com/ThoriumSite/resources.html http://moltensalt.org/references/static/downloads/pdf/NAT_MSBRrecycle.p df Thorium in 5 minutes (remix video) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uK367T7h6ZY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uK367T7h6ZY31

32. Outline   Motivations for Nuclear Power   LFTR overview   Nuclear Chemistry   Chemistry   Myths   Questions 32

33. Binding energy 33