1. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CHAPTER 11 THE PAUSES THAT REFRESH ENGLISH FOR CAREERS, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical by Leila R. Smith Presentation design by Barbara Moran

2. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Chapter 11 helps you: UseUse commas and end-of-sentence punctuation according to principles of effective business communication.

3. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Use commas between items in a series. (three or more words, phrases, or clauses.) Enjoy wine, cheese, and fresh bread. I like bleu cheese, white wine, and French sourdough bread. We are going to fly to Paris, take the train to Italy, and then drive back. just like this

4. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 use a comma because it sounds as though it should be there. use a comma because it sounds as though it should be there. use a comma just because a sentence is long. use a comma just because a sentence is long. use a comma before every and. The woods have lions and tigers and bears. use a comma before every and. The woods have lions and tigers and bears.

5. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 use a comma between two adjectives when and is omitted but could be inserted. Acold, dark dark night descended. TheyThey gazed at the deep, frigid frigid snow. ManyMany elderly elderly people struggled to stay warm. NO comma! Many and elderly doesn’t make sense

6. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 use a comma before and, but, nor, or, for, and sometimes yet when one of those conjunctions joins independent clauses. So is OK to use only in conversation., but Mary mailed out all the invitations, but she forgot the stamps. (two independent clauses) but Mary mailed out all the invitations but forgot the stamps. (one independent clause with two verbs -- no comma)

7. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 andJorge went and I didn’t. (no comma), butJorge went, but I didn’t. (comma) For a short sentence (no more than 10 words): DON’T use a comma when and or or joins independent clauses. DO use a comma when but, nor, for, or yet joins independent clauses. Either, or Either she will send them again, or she needs to call all the invited guests. Either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also clauses are independent if each group has a subject/verb.

8. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Curtain Raiser (sentence starter) An introductory expression that is ALWAYS dependent (not a complete sentence) may be thought of as a… some examples…

9. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Once inside, the man rented skis. For now, longer skis can be rented. (very short introductory phrases) Yes, Yes, I expect to go skiing. No, No, it’s too icy to go skiing. yes, no, welloh (introductory expression using yes, no, well, or oh) When you are ready to ski, call me. (introductory expression that includes verb)

10. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Mr. Chow, are you going with us? (introductory expression addressing a specific person) To save both fuel and time, time, we’ll go together. (introductory expression with five or more words) EXCEPTION! Commas are are NOT NOT required after short place and time introductions -- unless a comma would add clarity or emphasis. In Aspen the the snow is perfect for skiing. Within three hours we we should arrive.

11. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Before and after a state, province, or country directly following the name of a smaller entity, such as a city. D id D id you go skiing in Aspen, Aspen, Colorado, Colorado, or Whistler, Whistler, BC, Canada? To enclose a college or professional degree that follows a name. Commas may may also be used with titles. Winston Lewis, Lewis, Ph.D., Ph.D., Barbara Cohen, Cohen, M.A., M.A., and Sue Miller will speak. Bill Adams, Adams, Jr., Jr., and Tom Abdul, Abdul, III, III, are also scheduled to speak. use commas:

12. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Before and after a person’s name (in direct address) We hope, hope, Mr. Chow, Chow, that you will go with us. To enclose the year in commas when it follows the day. Otherwise, a comma isn’t necessary. necessary. May 4, 4, 1970, 1970, in Ohio May 1970 1970 in Ohio Ohio (no comma) 4 May 1970 1970 (international style -- no comma) (Enclose in commas elements of a date or time that explains a preceding date.) At 9 a.m., Tuesday, May 4, 4, the service will begin. use commas:

13. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 A COMMA MEDLEY use commas: to separate short quotes at the end of a sentence (unless it has exclamation or question mark) –May, said, “I “I love to ski.” –May, asked, “ “Do you love to ski?” before closing quotation marks (ALWAYS!) for quotes at the beginning of a sentence –“I love to,” ski,” May said.

14. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 for quotes in the middle of a sentence for quotes that are interrupted –“One thing I,” know,” May said, said, “is I love to ski.” –May, said, “I love to ski,” ski,” and then fell. with millions or more (thousands are now optional) –$1,000 –$1,000 or $1000 –$1,321,000 –$1,321,000 (USA and some other countries)

15. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 USE COMMAS with Do NOT USE COMMAS with numbers in addresses, book pages, and the like. Use dots with phone numbers.numbers in addresses, book pages, and the like. Use dots with phone numbers. –16253 Happiness Way –Invoice No. 68275 –360.555.1212 between the state and ZIPbetween the state and ZIP –Seattle, WA 98122

16. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 We hope, with all sincerity, that you can come.We hope, with all sincerity, that you can come. We understand, however, if that’s not possible.We understand, however, if that’s not possible. Jim O’Doule, a noted expert, can speak instead.Jim O’Doule, a noted expert, can speak instead. Jim, who contacted us, is ready to appear for you.Jim, who contacted us, is ready to appear for you. use commas around nonessential words (words that add meaning, but are not central to the main point)

17. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Careful writers use which which plus commas for nonessential ideas and that that with no commas commas for essential ideas. Any buildingthat qualifies as historic is eligible to receive state and federal aid.Any building that qualifies as historic is eligible to receive state and federal aid. ThatThat building, building, which which is only 30 years old, old, does not qualify. ThatThat 30-year old building does not qualify. qualify. (Even better because it is more concise)

18. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 use a comma before a sharply contrasting or opposing expression. These often begin with words such as but, seldom, never, not not or yet. Some scientists support the theory of global warming, but not all. Omit put a comma before a quotation that seems to blend into the rest of the sentence. The protestors urged politicians to “clean the air now” during the march.

19. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 to replace an omitted verb that is easily understood in the context of the sentence. John is at school and Pete, home with the flu. Let’s see how you do with the following sentences… use commas

20. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Whenever you can take at least a few skiing lessons take them., If you are interested in becoming an astronaut maintain a courageous persistent attitude toward your goal.,,

21. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 The name of the article is How to Ski Successfully. The article How to Ski Successfully will teach you ways to select the best equipment. No me! me!

22. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Now meet our other stars The Period The question mark The exclamation mark

23. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Use a period after a statement. We sent you the bill last week. Use a period after a command.   Pay your bill this week. Use a period after a polite request. Please close the door. Use a period after a question when action is expected rather than a reply. Will you close the door. Use a period after an indirect question.   I asked if he would pay the bill. Use one period when an abbreviation ends a sentence. Please send it c.o.d.

24. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Use a question mark after a direct question that calls for a reply. Do you think he will come? Have you read the book? If so, what did you think of it? Use a question mark after a sentence that might be considered presumptuous if punctuated as a polite request. Would you please come here? (a request from an employee to a supervisor)

25. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Use an exclamation mark to express at the end of a sentence or after an expression that stands for a sentence. Yes ! Yes ! You’ve finished this slide show !

26. English for Careers, 9th Edition Business, Professional, and Technical By Leila R. Smith ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 CONGRATULATIONS! YOU NOW KNOW THE PAUSES THAT REFRESH