1. Cause and Effect SOLs: 6.6aC1 8.6aB1

2. Essential Questions How can I use the text to identify cause and effect? How do signal words help me identify cause and effect? How do I use cause and effect in my everyday life?

3. Recognizing Cause and Effect What happens and why is called cause and effect. Why something happens is the CAUSE. Ex. He tripped over his shoelaces. What happens because of the CAUSE is the EFFECT. Ex. He fell to the ground.

4. Cause Effect CAUSE The reason something happens Answers Why it happened? EFFECT The result of what happens Answers What happened?

5. Signal Words for Cause & Effect WhenBecause So thatSo IfTherefore Since Reason As a result

6. Cause and Effect Mike slipped in the water since he wasn’t watching where he was going. What is the cause, effect, and signal word? Mike slipped in the water since he wasn’t watching where he was going.

7. Cause and Effect Practice The girls were whispering so Hillary would not find out about the surprise party. As a result of the failing test grade, Sam’s average dropped three points.

8. Practice #1 In 1978, Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler climbed Mount Everest without bottled oxygen, which is usually necessary. They were the first known people to do so. In 1980, Messner set another record. He climbed Everest alone, without oxygen. 1EFFECT: Reinhold Messner set a record. What was the CAUSE? AMessner climbed every mountain in Italy. BMessner climbed Everest alone without bottled oxygen. CMessner rescued Peter Habeler atop Everest. DMessner and Habeler climbed Everest together in 1980.

9. Practice #2 In 1995, Merrick Johnston climbed Mt. McKinley in Alaska. It is the highest mountain in North America. Johnston was 12 years old at the time, making her the youngest female to do so. She went on to climb other mountains and even lead others up mountains. Sometimes she then snowboards down. 2EFFECT: Merrick Johnston was able to serve as a mountain guide at a young age. What was the CAUSE? FShe reached the top of Mt. McKinley at age 12. GShe knew how to snowboard. HShe had been to Alaska. JShe volunteered because there was a shortage.

10. Practice #3 As a group, the highest mountains of each continent are known as the Seven Summits. Since 1985, at least 150 people have climbed all seven mountains. One group climbed all seven mountains in seven months. 3CAUSE: Every continent has its highest peak. What is the EFFECT? APeople know some of those peaks will grow even higher. BSome people want to climb all seven peaks. CIt is forbidden to climb two of the peaks. DEven if another mountain is higher, no one will climb it.

11. Practice #4 Earlier than the 1700s, people did not climb high mountains for sport. However, they did climb for other reasons. Some climbed to build a religious structure. Others climbed to get a full view of the territory. And still others climbed to study the environment. 4CAUSE: Throughout history, people have wanted to see certain areas from above. What was the EFFECT? FThey created a map by guessing how that area looked. GThey climbed a mountain. HThey built a mountain out of rocks. JThey took a plane.

12. Practice #5 Mountain climbers are adventurous. Once one group has reached the top of a certain mountain, others may look for new challenges. They may try to find a new route up the mountain. If all previous climbs were in summer, they may attempt to climb the mountain in winter. 5EFFECT: Other climbers may take a new route up the mountain. What is the CAUSE? AMountain climbers want new challenges. BSometimes several groups race up a mountain. CAll mountains have at least three routes up. DYou can sell a map with a new route on it.

13. Practice #6 Mountain climbers are careful to stay balanced. Of their two hands and two feet, they try to have any three touching rock at all times. They avoid jumping to try to grab a higher piece of rock. They look ahead frequently to figure out a safe way to advance. 6CAUSE: If a mountain climber is careless, he could fall. What is the EFFECT? FMountain climbers jump to keep their balance. GMountain climbers always hold on to rock with one hand. HMountain climbers scan the area in front of them to plan their path. JMountain climbers use ropes to stay balanced.

14. Sol questions Which of the following causes_____ in the story? What is the effect of the character’s choice to____? What causes the internal conflict for______? All of the following are results of the cause EXCEPT— All of the following caused the _____ EXCEPT--- Which of the following words signal cause and effect?

15. Hot spot TEI Which of the following words or phrases signal cause and effect? ButRatherAlthoughlikewiselater AfterBecauseSinceAs a resultnext

16. Drag and Drop TEI Cause Effect