1. ©Michel A. Bouchard 20101 SOME IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGES 1) Loss of biological diversity and ecosystem services 2) Loss of soil ( fertile soil)

2. ©Michel A. Bouchard 20102 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE

3. ©Michel A. Bouchard 20103 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE TOOLS SEA VARIOUS TYPES EA EMP EMS EMP MANAGEMENT SDI DECISION MAKING SDI PLANNING Audits Monitoring CLEANER DEVELOPMENT ECOLABELS THE PLANNED THE EXISTING

4. ©Michel A. Bouchard 20104 SEA is a sytematic process for evaluating the environmental consequences of proposed policy, plan or programme initiatives in order to ensure they are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest stage of decision-making on par with economic and social considerations

5. ©Michel A. Bouchard 20105 SEA Is a planning tool

6. EFFECTS/consequencesIMPACTS/incidencesISSUES ©Michel A. Bouchard 20106

7. “EFFECT” AS IN THE EXPRESSION “CAUSE AND EFFECT” IS A CONSEQUENCE PRESUMABLY 1)MEASURABLE 2)EXPLICABLE 3)WHICH HAVE A DEMONSTRABLE LINK TO THE PROJECT ©Michel A. Bouchard 20107

8. “IMPACT” IS THE VALUE OR SIGNIFICANCE ATTRIBUTED TO THE CONSEQUENCES (EFFECTS OR A SET OF EFFECTS) ©Michel A. Bouchard 20108

9. AN ISSUE MAY BE DEFINED AS AN ELEMENT OF NATURE OR SOCIETY WHICH IS GIVEN A PARTICULAR AND SINGULAR VALUE AND WHICH IS BELIEVED TO BE SUBMITTED TO A RISK ©Michel A. Bouchard 20109

10. THE MOST COMMON ISSUES are 1)Nature 2)Health ** 3)Resources 4)Society and individuals** 5)Values and culture 6)Global issues** ** Occasionally, these are done as separate assessments ©Michel A. Bouchard 201010

11. For each of those, there are REFERENTIALS TRESHOLDS Or SOME OTHER MEAN of determining whether the ‘importance” of the issue in the planning can be evaluated ©Michel A. Bouchard 201011

12. 1)NATURE Referentials and Thresholds CITES, or Protected Species; RAMSAR sites, etc.CITES, Endangered or Protected Species; RAMSAR sites, etc. Protected Habitat or Area as per National Law or Local regulationsProtected Habitat or Area as per National Law or Local regulations Safeguard Policies on Natural HabitatsSafeguard Policies on Natural Habitats As identified as VECAs identified as VEC ©Michel A. Bouchard 201012

13. 2)HEALTH Referentials and Thresholds As specified by National Laws or WHO Standards AIR-WATER-SOIL POLLUTION (ACCEPTABILITY) TRESHOLDS As indicated by toxicology, medical sciences or public Health sciences Note: Indirect effects on FOOD SECURITY or SAFETY must also be considered as issues ©Michel A. Bouchard 201013

14. 3)RESOURCES ( Surface and groundwater, Mining, Oil and Gas, Fisheries, Forestry, Energy) Both in terms of ACCESS TO and PRESERVATION OF Referentials and Thresholds As specified by National Laws or commitment on SUSTAINABILITY As dictated by ECONOMIC INTEREST ©Michel A. Bouchard 201014

15. 4)SOCIETY AND INDIVIDUALS Social cohesion Quality of Life ( Education, Health) Economic and fiscal impacts (Income, Access to resources, opportunities) Referentials and Thresholds ?? Socio economic studies, Public consultation ©Michel A. Bouchard 201015

16. 5)VALUES AND CULTURE Heritage or Scared Sites Cemeteries or Sanctuaries Archeological or Historical Sites Referentials and Thresholds UNESCO sites, National Monuments, Public consultation ©Michel A. Bouchard 201016

17. 6)GLOBAL ISSUES Biodiversity, Climate, GHG, Desertification, Ozone, POPs, and many others Referentials and Thresholds MAE All international or bilateral commitments by the State ©Michel A. Bouchard 201017

18. Policy on Social and Environmental Sustainability 1: Social and Environmental Assessment and Management System 2: Labor and Working Conditions 3: Pollution Prevention and Abatement 4: Community Health, Safety and Security 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement ©Michel A. Bouchard 201018

19. Policy on Social and Environmental Sustainability 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Natural Resource Management 7: Indigenous Peoples 8: Cultural Heritage ©Michel A. Bouchard 201019

20. Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies Environmental and Social Assessment Natural Habitats Forests Pest Management Physical Cultural Resources Involuntary resettlement Indigenous people ©Michel A. Bouchard 201020