1. Follow up on the TUC Method In life insurance reserving and net premium discussions, you may have discussed the fact that next year’s reserve value is a function of the current reserve value and the next net premium Similar logic exists for defined benefit pension funding

2. Follow up on the TUC Method Successive Actuarial Liabilities in the TUC method and functions of the previous AL and next NC AL x+1 = [AL x (1+i) / (p x )] + NC x+1 Look familiar to a “reserve roll- forward”? See the updated commutation function sheet where the AL is calculated two different ways

3. Pension Benefits that use a Salary Scale in their formula We talked last time about the TUC method, where the actuarial liability puts blinders to the future Current actuarial liability under TUC only considers benefits accrued to date But often times individual cost methods will either… –(a) need to use salary as a way to define the pension benefits OR –(b) need to use salary to project forward pension benefits OR –(c) both

4. Ways to approach definitions of salary scales Perhaps a specific increase factor for each attained age x …. Almost like a mortality table has specific rates for each different attained age Create a general increase factor regardless of age … next year’s salary = last year’s salary (1 + s) Question… which of the two is more realistic? –Remember, salary increases are a combination of promotional increases (getting assigned larger job responsibilities) and general inflationary increases

5. Ways to approach definitions of salary scales A general way to define future salary via the table approach: S r-1 = S x (1 + s) r-1-x This is read as “expected final salary at age r-1 equals current salary at age x increased at rate s for the years between x and r-1”

6. Ways to approach definitions of salary scales Or, in cases where you do not want to use a general increase factor, you can use ratios S r-1 = S x s r-1 / s x This is read as “expected final salary at age r-1 equals current salary at age x increased at the ratio between r-1 and x in the defined salary table”

7. Expected final salary Why is expected final salary S r-1 and not S r ? You retire when you reach age r, based upon your final salary at age r-1 For example, you retire at age 65, but don’t earn a year’s salary while your 65; your final salary for pension calculations is at age 64

8. Salary under three common examples (1) The Final Salary plan Assume benefit is 3.9% of final salary times years of service Then B x =.039 S x (1 + s) r-1-x (x – e) for a funding method that used projected salary Remember, e was the age at which the person entered the plan, so (x-e) represents service time

9. Salary under three common examples (2) The Final Average Salary plan Assume benefit is 4.1% of final three-year average salary times years of service Then B x =.041 FAS (x – e) for a funding method that used projected salary Where FAS = 1/3 [(S x (1 + s) r-1-x ) + (S x (1 + s) r-2-x ) + (S x (1 + s) r-3-x )] Notice you can factor some things out from inside the brackets since they contain a lot of similar terms

10. Salary under three common examples (3) The Career Average Salary plan Assume benefit is 5.5% of career average salary times years of service Then B x =.055 CAS (x – e) for a funding method that used projected salary Where CAS = (1/(r-e)) [(S x (1 + s) r-1-x ) + (S x (1 + s) r-2-x ) + (S x (1 + s) r-3-x ) + … + S e ]

11. The Projected Unit Credit (PUC) Method The PUC method leverages heavily off TUC but adds the use of salary scales Salaries are projected forward to retirement age in order to incorporate them into the liability and normal cost calculations

12. The Projected Unit Credit (PUC) Method Actuarial Liability for each participant: –AL x = B x (D (T) r / D (T) x ) ä r (12) –where B x = annual pension benefit that has accrued to age x, but with a salary component projected forward to r

13. The Projected Unit Credit (PUC) Method Example: Consider a defined benefit pension plan who has an annual benefit equal to 2.5% of 2-Year Final Average Salary, times years of service B x =.025 S x [(1/2) (1 / s x ) (s r-1 + s r- 2 )] (x-e) AL x = B x (D (T) r / D (T) x ) ä r (12)

14. The Projected Unit Credit (PUC) Method Normal Cost for each participant: –NC x = b x (D (T) r / D (T) x ) ä r (12) –where b x = annual pension benefit that has been earned in last year, but with a salary component projected forward to r

15. The Projected Unit Credit (PUC) Method Let’s do some sample calculations

16. Level Cost Individual Cost Methods Again, we mentioned earlier that increasing cost methods, like TUC and PUC are just one way to do plan costing As our commutation function sheet example showed, the cost in years near retirement can easily be large multiples of what costs were at entry into the plan

17. Level Cost Individual Cost Methods So, how to create a way to levelize the cost – make it the same cost over time – even if it means doing some form of pre-funding of future benefits Introducing… Level Cost Methods Doesn’t this sound just like annually renewable term insurance versus whole life? It is the same idea.

18. Entry Age Normal Level Dollar Under EANLD, the normal cost is defined so that the actuarial present value of all future normal costs is equal to the actuarial present value of all future benefits PVFNC = PVFB Again, just like life reserving where in a level net premium method, PVFP = PVFB

19. Entry Age Normal Level Dollar PVFNC = PVFB NC (ä (T) e:r-e| ) = B r (D (T) r / D (T) e ) ä r (12) Rearrange and solve for NC

20. Entry Age Normal Level Dollar This is a little bit different jump to make because you’ll notice that nothing in NC (ä (T) e:r-e| ) = B r (D (T) r / D (T) e ) ä r (12) depends on the valuation age x And it’s not supposed to – the methods just takes all that needs to be funded and levelly spreads it over the earnings years between e and r Just like a life insurance net premium doesn’t care when you are 3 or 30 years into a whole life policy

21. Entry Age Normal Level Dollar Defining the Actuarial Liability at valuation age x is again similar to a reserve calculation AL x = PVFB x - PVFNC x AL x = [B r (D (T) r / D (T) x ) ä r (12) ] - NC (ä (T) x:r-x| ) You can also do a retrospective accumulation of Normal Costs to get the Actuarial Liability