1. Rovers in Space Joseph T. Wunderlich, Ph.D.

2. Selected Rovers 1971: NASA “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV) Mars Rovers: –1996: NASA Pathfinder “Sojourner” –2004: NASA “Spirit” & “Opportunity” –2011: NASA Mars Science Lab –2016: ESA “ExoMars” Europa Rover –To hypothetically follow the 20?? ESA/NASA “Europa Jupiter System Mission” )

3. Our Moon Image from: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070926.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070926.html

4. Earth and Moon Image from: apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap011015.html apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap011015.html

5. Lunar Landings Image from: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/moonpage.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/moonpage.html USSR (1959-76) All unmanned Luna missions USA (1969-72) Six manned Apollo missions USA (1966-68) Six unmanned Surveyor missions NOTE: Japan put a satellite in orbit around the moon in 2007 and India sent a probe to moon’s surface in 2008

6. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes 1960’s and 1970’s Bendix Corporation

7. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes Bendix Corporation Dr. Wernher von Braun test driving rover 1960’s and 1970’s

8. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes Bendix Corporation 1960’s and 1970’s

9. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes General Motors Corporation 1960’s and 1970’s

10. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes Grumman Corporation 1960’s and 1970’s

11. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes Grumman Corporation 1960’s and 1970’s Pressurized

12. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes General Motors Corporation 1960’s and 1970’s Pressurized

13. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes General Motors Corporation Wheels 1960’s and 1970’s

14. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes General Motors Corporation Suspension 1960’s and 1970’s

15. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes General Motors Corporation Motors and Wheels 1960’s and 1970’s

16. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes General Motors Corporation Subsystems Validation 1960’s and 1970’s

17. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes Boeing Corporation Subsystems Validation 1960’s and 1970’s

18. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes Pistol-grip hand controller concept 1960’s and 1970’s

19. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Steering info from: http://science.howstuffworks.com/lunar-rover.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/lunar-rover.htm/printable Concepts & Prototypes 1960’s and 1970’s Steering (“T-Handle”) Pivot forward = accelerate forward Pivot rearward = accelerate backward Pivot left = turn left Pivot right = turn right Slide handle backward = apply the brake and disengage the throttle Slide controller all the way back = engage the parking brake Switch on handle activated reverse Front and rear wheel steering permitted a very tight turning radius

20. Lunar Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes 16 mm Camera (in addition to TV Camera) 1960’s and 1970’s

21. “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV) Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design 1960’s and 1970’s

22. “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV) Image from: http://www.batsinthebelfry.com/rover/index.phphttp://www.batsinthebelfry.com/rover/index.php Final Design 1960’s and 1970’s

23. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Motors Only 0.25 HP ! Moon’s gravity is only 1/6 of earths 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

24. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Wheel and Fender Moon dust can create thermal and imaging problems 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

25. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Suspension Each motor independently driven 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

26. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Controls 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

27. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design TV Camera (Color) 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

28. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Video Processing Lab 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

29. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design TV Camera TV Communications Relay 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

30. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Electrical Surface Properties Antenna 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

31. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design High-Gain Communications antenna for direct communication with earth 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

32. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Low-Gain Communications antenna for communication with Lunar Module (LM) lander 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

33. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training Manned missions require much training 1960’s and 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

34. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

35. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

36. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

37. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

38. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

39. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

40. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

41. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

42. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Training In 1971, Training Simulators were in their infancy 1960’s and 1970’s Manned missions require much training “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

43. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery Folding up the Rover 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

44. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery Folding up the Rover 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

45. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery Folding up the Rover 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

46. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery Verifying that everything fits 1970’s “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

47. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

48. Image from: http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/SEH/pg10.htm.http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/SEH/pg10.htm. Houston Control 1971 Delivery “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

49. Image from: spaceflight.nasa.gov/.../apollo/apollo-9-low.htm.spaceflight.nasa.gov/.../apollo/apollo-9-low.htm 1971 Delivery7 Command/ Service Module (CSM) Lunar Module (LM) “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

50. Image from:http://www.celestialmatters.org/?q=node/20.http://www.celestialmatters.org/?q=node/20 1971 Delivery “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV) Command/Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) – LRV folds into side of LM

51. Image from: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/a11_h_44_6642.html.http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/a11_h_44_6642.html Safely landing is always worth celebrating Apollo 11 Lunar Module (LM) with first men on the moon (1969) No rover on this mission

52. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon Safely landing 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

53. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

54. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

55. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

56. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

57. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

58. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon Accessing hand tools 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

59. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon Manned Ingenuity and dexterity was needed to fix fender Unmanned missions will likely always have much more difficulty solving this type problem 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

60. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On The Moon 1971 “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV) WATCH VIDEO VIDEO

61. Image from: : http://users.etown.edu/w/wunderjt/DADhome_page.htmlhttp://users.etown.edu/w/wunderjt/DADhome_page.html Part of a special time in Aerospace History 1960’s and 1970’s Apollo Rocket in Rocket Garden of Kennedy Space Center “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV)

62. Earth and Mars Image from: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02570 http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02570

63. Mars Rovers Image from: www.robotfrontier.com/gallery.htmlwww.robotfrontier.com/gallery.html Concepts & Prototypes 1990’s NASA/JPL “Rocky 3”

64. Mars Rovers Image from: marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/.../2001-2004.htmlmarsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/.../2001-2004.html Concepts & Prototypes 1990’s “Rocky 3”

65. Mars Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. 1990’s Final Design Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

66. Mars Rovers 1990’s Final Design Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner” Image from: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/RT1997/5000/5410landis.htmhttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/RT1997/5000/5410landis.htm

67. Mars Rovers Image from: http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/sci_desc.htmlhttp://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/sci_desc.html 1990’s Final Design Imager (stereo) Imager is on Lander (in addition to small cameras on rover) Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

68. Mars Rovers Image from: http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/sci_desc.htmlhttp://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/sci_desc.html 1990’s Final Design Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer APXS Deployment Mechanism (Arm) Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

69. Mars Rovers Image from: http://starbase.jpl.nasa.gov/mpfl-m-asimet-3-rdr-surf-v1.0/mpam_0001/document/asmtinst.htmhttp://starbase.jpl.nasa.gov/mpfl-m-asimet-3-rdr-surf-v1.0/mpam_0001/document/asmtinst.htm 1990’s Final Design Atmospheric Structure Instrument/Meteorology Package Instrument is on Lander Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

70. Mars Rovers Image from: http://starbase.jpl.nasa.gov/mpfl-m-asimet-3-rdr-surf-v1.0/mpam_0001/document/asmtinst.htmhttp://starbase.jpl.nasa.gov/mpfl-m-asimet-3-rdr-surf-v1.0/mpam_0001/document/asmtinst.htm 1990’s Final Design Low-Gain Antennae for Communication between Rover and Lander Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner” High-Gain Antenna for Communication with Earth

71. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery 1990’s Mars Rovers Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

72. Delivery 1996 Mars Rovers Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner” Image from: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/mars/rovercom/rovintrot.htmlhttp://science.ksc.nasa.gov/mars/rovercom/rovintrot.html

73. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery 1996 Mars Rovers Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

74. Image from: http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/edl/edl1.htmlhttp://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/edl/edl1.html Delivery 1996 Mars Rovers Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

75. Mars Rovers Image from: http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/timeline.html#lowgain1http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/timeline.html#lowgain1 1996 Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner” Delivery (Deployment)

76. Image from: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/index.htmlhttp://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html 1996 Mars Rovers Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner” Delivery (Deployment)

77. Mars Rovers Image from: marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/.../2001-2004.htmlmarsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/.../2001-2004.html On Mars 1996 Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner”

78. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=1http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=1 Concepts & Prototypes 2000’s NASA/JPL “FIDO”

79. Mars Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Concepts & Prototypes 2000’s Mars Explorer Rovers (MER) “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

80. Mars Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design 2000’s “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

81. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Final Design Mars Rovers 2000’s “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

82. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Delivery Mars Rovers 2000’s “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

83. Image from: http://www.talkingproud.us/ScienceMarsUpdate.htmlhttp://www.talkingproud.us/ScienceMarsUpdate.html Delivery Mars Rovers “Spirit” & “Opportunity” 2004

84. Image from: http://lateline.muzi.net/news/ll/english/1296873.shtml?q=&cc=20124&a=onhttp://lateline.muzi.net/news/ll/english/1296873.shtml?q=&cc=20124&a=on Delivery Mars Rovers 2004 “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

85. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. 2004 Mars Rovers Delivery (Deployment) “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

86. Mars Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On Mars (Artist’s Rendering) 2004 “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

87. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www.talkingproud.us/ScienceMarsUpdate.htmlhttp://www.talkingproud.us/ScienceMarsUpdate.html On Mars (Artist’s Rendering) 2004 “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

88. Mars Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On Mars 2004 “Spirit” self-portrait “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

89. Mars Rovers Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. On Mars 2004 “Spirit” Instrument Deployment arm “Spirit” & “Opportunity”

90. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. 1990’s and 2000’s Comparison Mars Rovers Mars Pathfinder “Sojourner” (IN FRONT) vs. Mars Explorer Rovers (MER) “Spirit” and “Opportunity”

91. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=3.http://www-robotics.jpl.nasa.gov/systems/system.cfm?System=3 NEWER Concepts & Prototypes 2000’s NASA/JPL “Rocky 8”

92. Mars Rovers Image from: http://ims.ivv.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/missions/marssciencelab-index.htmlhttp://ims.ivv.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/missions/marssciencelab-index.html 2000’s Mars Science Lab NEWER Concepts & Prototypes Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

93. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www.space4peace.org/mars/nuke_mars_rover.htmhttp://www.space4peace.org/mars/nuke_mars_rover.htm 2000’s NEWER Concepts & Prototypes Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

94. Mars Rovers Image from: http://centauri.larc.nasa.gov/msl/MSL_cfg-dwg_040608.pdfhttp://centauri.larc.nasa.gov/msl/MSL_cfg-dwg_040608.pdf 2000’s NEWER Concepts & Prototypes Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

95. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www.space4peace.org/mars/nuke_mars_rover.htmhttp://www.space4peace.org/mars/nuke_mars_rover.htm 2000’s Nuclear Power NEWER Concepts & Prototypes Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

96. Mars Rovers Image from: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars_future.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/mars_future.html 2000’s NEWER Concepts & Prototypes Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

97. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/mars20070529_prt.htmhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/mars20070529_prt.htm 2000’s NEWER Concepts & Prototypes Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

98. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/science/marsrover/slideshow_audio/text.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/science/marsrover/slideshow_audio/text.html 2000’s NEWER Concepts & Prototypes Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

99. Mars Rovers Image from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zpojhD4hpIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zpojhD4hpI 2011 Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

100. Image from: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/20081204-b.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/20081204-b.html Delivery Mars Rovers 2000’s Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

101. Image from: http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=86http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=86 Delivery Mars Rovers 2000’s Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

102. Image from: http://www.apollomissionphotos.com/index_Gemini_titan.htmlhttp://www.apollomissionphotos.com/index_Gemini_titan.html Mars Rovers Launched in 2011 Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY” SEE VIDEO OF OUR RECENT NASA ROVERS NOW ON MARSVIDEO (Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity) 2011

103. Mars Rovers Image from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zpojhD4hpIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zpojhD4hpI 2011 Can go over 35cm obstacles Zero turning radius 5 cm/sec top speed (a football field din 45 minutes) Slow on purpose ! (a football field din 45 minutes) 6-wheel drive, 4-wheel steering Rocker-bogie suspension (and landing gear!) Mars Science Lab “CURIOSITY”

104. Image from: Young, A.H. Lunar and planetary rovers: the wheels of Apollo and the quest for mars, Springer; 1 edition, August 1, 2006. Image from: http://ppj-web-3.jpl.nasa.gov/galleryhttp://ppj-web-3.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery 1960’s to 2000’s Comparison Rovers Wheels Wheels of Mars Rovers: (smallest) “Sojourner” (medium) “Spirit” & “Opportunity” (Largest) Mars Science Lab Lunar Rover Wheels (not to scale with Mars Rover wheels)

105. Mars Rovers Image from: http://science.au.dk/nyheder-og-arrangementer/nyhed/article/dansk-deltagelse-i-marsforskning/http://science.au.dk/nyheder-og-arrangementer/nyhed/article/dansk-deltagelse-i-marsforskning/ 2000’s and 2010’s European Space Agency ( ESA) “ExoMars” Rover NEWER Concepts & Prototypes

106. Mars Rovers Image from: http://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/aurora/EXOMARS/exomars-2_H.jpghttp://esamultimedia.esa.int/images/aurora/EXOMARS/exomars-2_H.jpg 2000’s and 2010’s NEWER Concepts & Prototypes European Space Agency ( ESA) “ExoMars” Rover

107. Mars Rovers Image from: http://robots.open.ac.uk/space/ExoMars.htmlhttp://robots.open.ac.uk/space/ExoMars.html 2000’s and 2010’s European Space Agency ( ESA) “ExoMars” Rover NEWER Concepts & Prototypes

108. Mars Rovers Image from: http://users.aber.ac.uk/dpb/ExoMars/ExoMars.htmlhttp://users.aber.ac.uk/dpb/ExoMars/ExoMars.html 2000’s and 2010’s European Space Agency ( ESA) “ExoMars” Rover NEWER Concepts & Prototypes

109. Mars Rovers Image from: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/news/urey-20070209.htmlhttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/news/urey-20070209.html 2000’s and 2010’s It has a drill ! European Space Agency ( ESA) “ExoMars” Rover NEWER Concepts & Prototypes

110. Image from: http://www.space.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/space/forskning/rummet/solsystemet/exomars_lander.jpghttp://www.space.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/space/forskning/rummet/solsystemet/exomars_lander.jpg Mars Rovers 2000’s and 2010’s European Space Agency ( ESA) “ExoMars” Rover NEWER Concepts & Prototypes

111. Image from: http://www.apollomissionphotos.com/index_Gemini_titan.htmlhttp://www.apollomissionphotos.com/index_Gemini_titan.html Mars Rovers 2016 Scheduled for launch in 2016 (orbiter, surface payload) and 2018 (rover) BY RUSSIA European Space Agency ( ESA) “ExoMars” Rover

112. Europa Rover Europa is a moon of Jupiter covered in ice And it almost certainly has a liquid ocean beneath the ice Image from: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00502 http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00502 Future?

113. Moon and Europa compared to Earth Image from: Image:Mercury_Earth_Comparison.png, Image:Full Moon Luc Viatour.jpg and Image:Europa-moon.jpg by --CWitte Image:Mercury_Earth_Comparison.pngImage:Full Moon Luc Viatour.jpgImage:Europa-moon.jpgCWitte

114. Europa (Cracks in the ice – and an ocean below) Image from: http://ai.jpl.nasa.gov/public/home/chien/spAGU2006Images.html http://ai.jpl.nasa.gov/public/home/chien/spAGU2006Images.html

115. Selected Rovers 1971: NASA “Lunar Roving Vehicle” (LRV) Mars Rovers: –1996: NASA Pathfinder “Sojourner” –2004: NASA “Spirit” & “Opportunity” –2011: NASA Mars Science Lab –2016: ESA “ExoMars” Europa Rover –To hypothetically follow the 20?? ESA/NASA “Europa Jupiter System Mission” ) that was unfortunately postponed/canceled