2. Life Under Pressure Johnson Sea-link Submersible Photo: NOAA

3. A Classroom Lesson From the Mathematics & Science Center Photo: NASA SEAWiFS

4. Life Under Pressure Benthos = the aggregate of organisms living at the bottom of a body of water “The Bottom Dwellers” Photo: NOAA

5. The Water Planet n 70% of the world’s surface is covered with water n Depth ranges from a few inches to 6.5 miles deep Photo: NOAA

6. Pressure At sea level humans have 14.7 PSI applied to every square inch of our body Photo: Dr. Paul H. Yancy, Whitman College

7. In The Trenches Average depth of our oceans is 2330 ft. The deepest areas are found in the mid-ocean ridges and trenches. Kurile-Kamchatka Trench: 5.6 Miles Deep Pressure = 15,320 PSI! Photo: NOAA

8. In the Bay n Average depth is 30 ft. – but…. even at this depth pressure is a factor for survival... even at this depth pressure is a factor for survival... and for survival adaptations! and for survival adaptations! Photo: NOAA

9. Problems How hard is the life of a benthic organism?? n Varying temperatures n Changes in Water Pressure n Predators n Mans influence Vent Community Photo: NOAA

10. Temperature Temperature ranges from: 80 F at the surface during the summer months to 0.5 to 2.5 C in the deepest portion of the ocean. Areas where thermal venting takes place have had temperatures of over 700 degrees Fahrenheit recorded! Thermal vent Photo: NOAA

11. Light If sunlight is the foundation of the food chain…. How do organisms live without sunlight? Photo: NOAA

12. Man’s Influence Photo: NOAA

13. Life Under Pressure How are benthic organisms adapted for survival? Photo: NOAA

14. Survival Adaptations n Color & camouflage n Texture & shape n Chemical n Some pretty strange ways! Photo: NOAA

15. Coloring & Camouflage Nudibranch Octopus Photo: NOAA

16. Shape & Texture Sea Urchin Sea Star Photo: NOAA

17. Chemical (Physiological) Adaptations Chemosynthetic Mussels Squid Photo: NOAAPhoto: Steve Haddock

18. Tube Worms Photo: NOAA

19. “Rusticles” on the Titanic Photo: NOAA

20. Nudibranch (Sea Slug) n Photo: Mathematics and Science Center

21. Sea Cucumber Photo: Mathematics and Science Center

22. Strange Adaptations Angler Fish “Gulper” Fish Photo: NOAA

23. More Bizarre Benthics “Bat” Fish “Viper” Fish Photo: NOAA

24. Benthic Community of the Chesapeake Bay Photo: NOAA

25. Bizarre Bay Benthics Abyssal Spider Fish Oyster Toad Photo: VIMS

26. More Bay Benthos Flounder Blue Crab Photo: VIMS Photo: Mathematics and Science Center

27. Life in the Oceans of Europa? Ice cracks on surface of Europa Jupiter’s moon Europa Photo: NASA

28. Even Homeland Defense The “Fetch!” Remote Submersible Photo: A. C. Lundberg

29. The End Photo: NOAA

30. References n NOAA Slide Library and NOAA National Undersea Research Program n NASA Seafwifs n Math & Science Center Marine Slide Collection n Virginia Institute of Marine Science n Steven Haddock n Paul Yancey, Whitman College Photo: NOAA