1. Strengths of Acids and Bases

2. Electrical Conductivity Acidic and basic solutions conduct electricity. Acidic and basic solutions conduct electricity.

3. Strengths of Acids Acids that completely ionize (dissociate) are called strong acids. Acids that completely ionize (dissociate) are called strong acids. Strong acids produce a strong electric current = strong electrolyte Strong acids produce a strong electric current = strong electrolyte HCl(aq) +H 2 O(l)  H 3 O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) HCl(aq) +H 2 O(l)  H 3 O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

4. Strengths of Acids Weak acids partially ionize in solutions = weak electrolyte Weak acids partially ionize in solutions = weak electrolyte Produce fewer ions and cannot conduct electricity as efficiently as strong acids Produce fewer ions and cannot conduct electricity as efficiently as strong acids HC 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) +H 2 O(l)  H 3 O+(aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 -(aq) HC 2 H 3 O 2 (aq) +H 2 O(l)  H 3 O+(aq) + C 2 H 3 O 2 -(aq)

5. Six Strong Acids 1. Hydrochloric acid: HCl 1. Hydrochloric acid: HCl 2. Hydrobromic acid: HBr 2. Hydrobromic acid: HBr 3. Hydroiodic acid: HI 3. Hydroiodic acid: HI 4. Sulfuric acid: H 2 SO 4 4. Sulfuric acid: H 2 SO 4 5. Nitric acid: HNO 3 6. Perchloric acid: HClO 4 These acids completely dissociate in water.

6. Strength of Bases Strong bases dissociate entirely into metal ions and hydroxide ions. Strong bases dissociate entirely into metal ions and hydroxide ions. Weak bases ionizes only partially in dilute aqueous solution Weak bases ionizes only partially in dilute aqueous solution

7. Eight Strong Bases 1. Lithium hydroxide: LiOH 1. Lithium hydroxide: LiOH 2. Sodium hydroxide: NaOH 2. Sodium hydroxide: NaOH 3. Potassium hydroxide: KOH 3. Potassium hydroxide: KOH 4. Rubidium hydroxide: RbOH 4. Rubidium hydroxide: RbOH 5. Cesium hydroxide: CsOH 5. Cesium hydroxide: CsOH 6. Calcium hydroxide: Ca(OH) 2 7. Strontium hydroxide: Sr(OH) 2 8. Barium hydroxide: Ba(OH) 2 These bases completely dissociate in water. These bases completely dissociate in water.

8. Question Time What is a strong acid? What is a strong acid? What is a weak acid? What is a weak acid? Can strong or weak acids conduct a strong electric current? Can strong or weak acids conduct a strong electric current? What is a strong base? What is a strong base? What is a weak base? What is a weak base? What are the six strong acids? What are the six strong acids? What are the eight strong bases? What are the eight strong bases?

9. Acid/Base Strength vs. Concentration Do not get acid/base strength confused with concentration. Do not get acid/base strength confused with concentration. Acid/base strength is based on the ability to dissociate. Acid/base strength is based on the ability to dissociate. Concentration is based on how much is dissolved in solution. Concentration is based on how much is dissolved in solution. You can have a strong dilute acid – the acid completely dissociates, but there is not much acid dissolved in solution You can have a strong dilute acid – the acid completely dissociates, but there is not much acid dissolved in solution

10. Question Time What does it mean to have a strong dilute acid? What does it mean to have a strong dilute acid? What does it mean to have a weak concentrated acid? What does it mean to have a weak concentrated acid?

11. Acid Ionization Constant Acid ionization constant (Ka) is the value of the equilibrium constant expression(Keq) for the ionization of a weak acid. Acid ionization constant (Ka) is the value of the equilibrium constant expression(Keq) for the ionization of a weak acid. Large Ka strong acid Large Ka strong acid Small Ka weak acid Small Ka weak acid

12. Base Ionization Constant The base ionization constant (Kb) is the value of the equilibrium constant expression (Keq) for the ionization of a base The base ionization constant (Kb) is the value of the equilibrium constant expression (Keq) for the ionization of a base Large Kb strong base Large Kb strong base Small Kb weak base Small Kb weak base

13. Question Time What is the Ka related to? What is the Ka related to? What does Ka stand for? What does Ka stand for? What does a large Ka mean? What does a large Ka mean? What does a small Ka mean? What does a small Ka mean? What does Kb stand for? What does Kb stand for? What does a large Kb mean? What does a large Kb mean? What does a small Kb mean? What does a small Kb mean?

14. Write the ionization equation and acid ionization constant (Ka) expressions for the acid HF If you calculate Ka, it will be a weak acid so it will have a double arrow. Add it to water. HF + H 2 O(l)  H 3 O + + F - (A) (B) (CA) (CB) Keq = Ka = [H 3 O + ] X [F - Keq = Ka = [H 3 O + ] X [F - ] [HF] [HF] Leave out liquids and solids in Keq

15. Write the ionization equation and base ionization constant (Kb) expressions for the base NH 3 If you calculate Kb, it will be a weak base so it will have a double arrow. Add it to water. + H 2 O(l)  NH 4 + + OH - NH 3 + H 2 O(l)  NH 4 + + OH - (B) (A) (CA) (CB) (B) (A) (CA) (CB) Keq = Kb = [ + ] X [ - Keq = Kb = [NH 4 + ] X [OH - ] [ [NH 3 ] Leave out liquids and solids in Keq