2.  The use of new media to harass, threaten, humiliate, embarrass, or target another person.  It only occurs among young people (adults involved: cyber-harassment or cyberstalking). DEFINITION

3.  More difficult to control and eradicate;  Not restricted to one communication type: multiple media platforms can be used to target victims.  There’s no place one can feel safe: it can happen anytime and anywhere. CYBERBULLYING VS TRADITIONAL BULLYING

4.  Digital content is easily and rapidly reproduced and archived.  Digital content can be reposted and sent to others at any time.  Bullies have more tools to avoid detection.  Anonymity increases the propensity to bully others (some people act online in ways that they wouldn't in person).

5.  Perpetrators are able to distance themselves from their victim (don’t witness the victim’s distress).  The anonymous factor leads to greater anxiety, insecurity, frustration, and mistrust for the victim.  A larger audience: adds to the victim’s humiliation, harassment and low self-esteem.

6.  More people encouraging the bullying behaviour and joining in.  Anonymity, speed of distribution, permanence of material and constant availability of victims can result in a higher potential for negative outcomes.

7. TYPES OF CYBERBULLYING Flaming Flaming: Online fights using electronic messages with angry and vulgar language. Harassment and stalking Harassment and stalking: Repeatedly sending cruel, vicious and/or threatening messages. Denigration: Denigration: Sending or posting gossip or rumours about a person to damage his or her reputation or friendships.

8. Impersonation Impersonation: Breaking into someone's email account and using it to send vicious or embarrassing material to others. Outing and trickery Outing and trickery: Engaging someone in instant messaging, tricking him or her into revealing sensitive information, and forwarding that information to others. Exclusion: Exclusion: Intentionally excluding someone from an online group.

9. Cyberstalking Cyberstalking: Repeated, intense harassment and denigration that includes threats or creates significant fear.

10.  Anger, revenge and frustration  Entertainment  Power and fame  By accident  Lack of empathy towards other human beings REASONS FOR CYBERBULLYING

11.  Lack of knowledge - Not being aware of the consequences for the victims and for themselves.

12. COMMON CONSEQUENCES (VICTIM) Anxiety and depressionIsolationSevere decrease of self-esteemSchool failure and avoidanceInsecurity, mistrust and fear

13. Use of alcohol or drugsViolence or suicidePeer rejection

14.  Don’t hide what’s been happening. Keeping it a secret is perpetrators’ best weapon.  Don’t give in to blackmail.  Don’t deal with it on your own. Ask someone you trust for help: teachers, parents, relatives, friends, etc. In case you feel you won’t be able to do it, ask a friend to do it for you. HOW TO REACT (VICTIM)

15.  Block the cyber bully’s email address, mobile number, and block him/her from any social media pages.  Report cyberbullies to your ISP and to the websites they use to harass you.  Report threats of harm and sexually explicit messages to the police.

16.  Keep evidence of what’s happening, e.g. save text messages.  Don’t fight back. You may become the aggressor yourself and be charged.  Don’t blame yourself. It’s not your fault. You don’t need to change.  Call a helpline. Calls are free, confidential and you can get useful advice.

17.  Above all “Do something! Don’t give up!”

18. HOW TO REACT (BYSTANDERS) Report cyberbullying even if the person being bullied is not a friend of yours. Show you care so that they won’t feel helpless and alone. Offer yourself to ask for help or advice for them. Encourage your friend to ask for help from an adult in authority they trust.

19. Show cyberbullies that you don’t approve of what they’re doing. Don’t cope with it. Don’t forward hurtful messages or laugh at inappropriate messages. Raise the issue of cyberbullying with the student council. Take part in anti-cyberbullying campaigns.

20. Don’t forget you are quite instrumental in the maintenance, escalation or reduction of cyberbullying.

21.  http://kidshealth.org/parent/positive/talk/cybe rbullying.html  http://pb.rcpsych.org/content/37/5/167  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2724 96415_Cyberbullying_self- esteem_empathy_and_loneliness  http://keyloggers.mobi/cyber-bullying- statistics/

22.  Types of cyberbullying (slides 7-8) taken from http://www.puresight.com/Cyberbullying/types- of-cyberbullying.html  Pictures taken from https://pixabay.com/ (Free for commercial use. No attribution required.)