1. Table of Contents States of Matter Changes of State Gas Behavior
Graphing Gas Behavior

2. Solids - States of Matter definite shape definite volume
fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles that vibrate in place

3. Two types of solids: crystalline solid b) amorphous solid
1. regular, repeating pattern of particles.
2. Melts at a specific temperature
3. Ex: salt, sugar
b) amorphous solid
1. particles are arranged randomly
2. does not melt at a specific temperature
3. Ex: plastic, rubber, glass

4. 2) liquid-
a. Definite volume
b. No definite shape
c. Particles move freely around one another
d. fluid- a substance that can flow.

5. Liquids - States of Matter
Because its particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does have a definite volume.

6. Properties of a Liquid surface tension Viscosity
1. the inward pull of molecules toward each other
2. acts like a skin
3. dependent upon the substance
Viscosity
1. Resistance to flowing.
2. high viscosity flows slowly
3. depends on the size and shape of the particles and the attraction between them.

7. gas-
a. no definite shape
b. no definite volume.
c. Fills the space available

8. Gases - States of Matter
As they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the space available. Thus, a gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume.
As a closing—have students stand and model solids: Vibrate in close proximity to one another. Must be touching.
liquids: rotate around one another but still must be touching
gases: spread out as much as possible but keep moving. Bump and move away.

9. Building Vocabulary - States of Matter
A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term.
Key Terms:
Examples:
surface tension
viscosity
gas
Key Terms:
Examples:
solid
Surface tension is the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together.
A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.
crystalline solid
Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids.
amorphous solid
Another property of liquids is viscosity—a liquid’s resistance to flowing.
In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.
liquid
Like a liquid, a gas is a fluid. Unlike a liquid, however, a gas can change volume very easily.
A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own.
fluid
A liquid is also called a fluid, meaning “a substance that flows.”

10. Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity.
- States of Matter
Viscosity
Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity.

11. End of Section: States of Matter

12. 2-2 Changes in State -occurs when its thermal energy increases or decreases significantly
melting
1. solid to liquid
At its melting point, the particles of a solid substance are vibrating so fast that they break free from their fixed positions.
3. Melting Point
Identifies a
pure substance.

13. Changes Between Solid and Liquid
- Changes of State
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting.

14. freezing 1. liquid to solid
At its freezing point, the particles of a liquid are moving so slowly they begin to form regular patterns.
3. Same temperature as the melting point.

15. Changes Between Solid and Liquid
- Changes of State
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
The change of state from liquid to solid is called freezing.

16. Vaporization 2. evaporation-
takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to form a gas.
1. Liquid --- > Gas
2. evaporation-
vaporization that takes place on the surface of a liquid.
3. boiling-
vaporization that takes place within the liquid as well as on its surface.
1). Boiling point identifies a pure substance
2). Boiling depends upon air pressure
Lower air pressure = lower Boiling point

17. Condensation gas ---> liquid
1. occurs when particles in a gas lose enough thermal energy and form a liquid.
2. Example: Fog on a window
Sublimation solid --- > gas
1. the particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas.
2. Surface gains enough energy to form a gas.
3. Example: Dry Ice

18. 2. Why does the evaporation of sweat cool your body on a warm day?
1. You are stranded in a blizzard. You need water to drink, and you’re trying to stay warm. Should you melt snow and then drink it, or just eat snow? Explain.
2. Why does the evaporation of sweat cool your body on a warm day?
Your body supplies the thermal energy necessary to change the sweat from a liquid to a gas, causing the body to lose heat and become cooler
You should melt snow and then drink it. If you eat snow, your body must use some of its valuable energy to change the snow to a liquid.
Have them complete these 2 questions with their group as I check homework.

19. Temperature and Changes of State
A beaker of ice at –10ºC was slowly heated to 110ºC. The changes in the temperature of the water over time were recorded. The data were plotted on the graph shown here.
Pass out the Notes for Freezing and Boiling point graphs.
Ask--What do we know about the temperature water freezes? Boils?

20. Temperature and Changes of State
Reading Graphs:
What two variables are plotted on the graph?
Temperature (ºC) on the y-axis, time (minutes) on the x-axis

21. Temperature and Changes of State
Reading Graphs:
What is happening to the temperature of the water during segment C of the graph?
The temperature is rising from 0ºC to 100ºC.
Label the graph with the word liquid for segment C. Then label A solid and E gas.

22. Temperature and Changes of State
Interpreting Data:
What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D?
Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water

23. Temperature and Changes of State
Drawing Conclusions:
What change of state is occurring during segment B of the graph? For segment D?
Change from solid to liquid; change from liquid to gas
Label the graph melting/freezing for segment B and boiling/condensing for segment D

24. Temperature and Changes of State
Inferring:
In which segment, A or E, do the water molecules have more thermal energy? Explain your reasoning.
Water molecules in segment E have more thermal energy because they are at a higher temperature.

25. Outlining - Changes of State
Changes in State
As you read, make an outline about changes of state. Use the red headings for the main topics and the blue headings for the supporting ideas.
Changes Between Solid and Liquid
Melting
Freezing
Changes Between Liquid and Gas
Evaporation
Boiling
Boiling Point and Air Pressure
Condensation
Changes Between Solid and Gas

26. Data Sharing Lab - Changes of State
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about sharing data for the Skills Lab Melting Ice.

27. End of Section: Changes of State

28. A Change in Pressure - Gas Behavior
A punctured basketball deflates as gas particles begin to escape.

29. Using Formulas - Gas Behavior
Pressure can be calculated using the formula below. Force is measured in newtons (N). If area is measured in square meters (m2), pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa).
Pressure = Force/Area
For example, a machine exerts a force of 252 N on a piston having an area of m2. What is the pressure in pascals on the piston?
Pressure = 252 N/0.430 m2 = 586 Pa

30. Using Formulas Practice Problem - Gas Behavior
A trash compactor exerts a force of 5,600 N over an area of m2. What pressure in pascals does the compactor exert?
P = 5,600 N/0.342 m2 = 16,374 Pa

31. 2-3 Gas Behavior Gas behavior is dependent upon 3 factors:
volume- the amount of space matter fills. cm3, mL, L
temperature- a measure of the average energy of motion particles contain. oC
pressure- the force of its outward push divided by the area the gas is in.
Pa—pascals or kPa--kilopascals

32. Pressure and Volume - Gas Behavior
As weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure increases.

33. Boyle’s Law If temperature is constant:
As the pressure of a gas increases,
the volume decreases.
As the pressure decreases,
the volume increases.
P1V1 = P2V2

34. Volume and Temperature
- Gas Behavior
Volume and Temperature
Changing the temperature of a gas at constant pressure changes the volume similarly.

35. Charles’s Law If pressure remains constant:
As the temperature of a gas increases,
the volume increases.
As the temperature decreases,
the volume decreases.
V1/T1 = V2/T2

36. Pressure and Temperature
- Gas Behavior
Pressure and Temperature
When a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more often with each other and with the walls of their container. The pressure of the gas increases.

37. Additional Gas Law If the volume remains constant:
As the temperature of a gas is increased,
the pressure increases.
As the temperature is decreased,
the pressure decreases.

38. Gas Laws Activity - Gas Behavior
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about gas laws.

39. Asking Questions - Gas Behavior
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.
Questions
Answers
What measurements are useful in studying gases?
Volume, temperature, and pressure
How are the pressure and volume of gases related?
When the pressure of a gas increases at constant temperature, its volume decreases.
How are the pressure and temperature of gases related?
When the temperature of a gas increases at constant volume, its pressure increases.
How are the volume and temperature of gases related?
When the temperature of a gas increases at constant pressure, its volume increases.

40. End of Section: Gas Behavior

41. Making a Graph - Graphing Gas Behavior
The x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical) form the “backbone” of a graph.

42. Temperature and Volume
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Temperature and Volume
As the temperature of the water bath increases, the gas inside the cylinder is warmed by the water.

43. Temperature and Volume
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Temperature and Volume
The data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table.

44. Temperature and Volume
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Temperature and Volume
The graph of Charles’s law shows that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature under constant pressure.

45. Pressure and Volume - Graphing Gas Behavior
Pushing on the top of the piston decreases the volume of the gas. The pressure of the gas increases.

46. Pressure and Volume - Graphing Gas Behavior
The data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table.

47. Pressure and Volume - Graphing Gas Behavior
The graph of Boyle’s law shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature.

48. Graphing Charles’s Law
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Previewing Visuals
Before you read, preview Figure 23. In a graphic organizer like the one below, write questions that you have about the diagram. As you read, answer your questions.
Graphing Charles’s Law
Q. What is the relationship between temperature and volume?
A. The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature under constant pressure.
Q. What does the dotted line show?
A. The dotted line predicts how the graph would look if the gas could be cooled further.

49. Click the SciLinks button for links on gases.
- Graphing Gas Behavior
Links on Gases
Click the SciLinks button for links on gases.

50. End of Section: Graphing Gas Behavior

51. Graphic Organizer Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Example (at room temperature)
State of Matter
Shape
Volume
Solid
Definite
Definite
Diamond
Liquid
Not definite
Definite
Water
Gas
Not definite
Not definite
Oxygen

52. End of Section: Graphic Organizer