1. Chapter 14 Flashcards

2. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986

3. law which affected sentencing by establishing mandatory minimum penalties for drug trafficking based on the quality of the drug involved and differentiated crack cocaine from powder cocaine for sentencing purposes

4. crack cocaine

5. harsher penalties have been passed for crack cocaine versus powder cocaine; crack cocaine is used more often by the lower class

6. discrimination

7. policies and practices of the criminal justice system actors and agencies explain minority overrepresentation in the system

8. disproportionate minority contact (DMC)

9. refers to the overrepresentation of minority group members at all stages of the criminal justice process, including arrest, trial, and punishment

10. ethnicity

11. refers to a group’s common social or cultural traits

12. ethnocentrism

13. the beliefs that either certain races or certain ethic groups are by definition better or worse than others

14. hyper-segregation

15. the social and legal separation of racial minorities but especially blacks into discrete geographic areas

16. institutional racism

17. a form of prejudicial treatment whereby practices at many points in the justice system disproportionately affect members of color

18. justice by geography

19. the idea that urban jurisdictions tend to deliver harsher sentences than nonurban jurisdictions

20. manifest injustice

21. a sentence that is simply not appropriate given the facts in the case

22. race

23. divides human beings into distinct groups based on hereditary characteristics

24. racism

25. the beliefs that either certain races or certain ethic groups are by definition better or worse than others

26. sentencing disparity

27. when a judge sentences two similar defendants to distinctly different types of punishments

28. underclass

29. disadvantaged groups in society