2. 2002IAEA1 Hybrid (MSF+RO) plant under construction Kalpakkam, India (commissioning in 2002) NDP 6,300 m 3 /d with a PHWR

3. 2002IAEA2 Nuclear Desalination Operating Experience More than 150 reactor years. JapanKazakhstan Starting Year 19781973 Reactor Type PWRLMR Capacity (m 3/day) 100-3900 80,000 (design 120,000) Average salinity of intake water (mg/1) 35,00013,500 Average temperature (C) 172-24 Radioactive leak NoneNone Water Production during shutdown Halted, no need for water. No backup source Continued by a fossil boiler Failures and types Nothing reported Corrosion and erosion of tubes and pump blades Availability~50%85% Product water use In plant use for steam cycle In plant & municipal use, including drinking water

4. March 2000IAEA - T. Konishi3 Current Activities in Nuclear Desalination 6.1.Activities in Member States 6.2.IAEA Support Activities - Coordinated Research Project (CRP) - Economic Assessment - Technical Cooperation Programme

5. March 2000IAEA - T. Konishi4 Activities in Member States (1) l Argentina: development of CAREM reactor l Canada: advanced desalination technology development on CANDU reactor l China: study on heat reactor combined with desalination unit l Egypt: a feasibility study of a demonstration plant l India constructing a hybrid desalination unit coupled to existing PHWRs at Kalpakkam l India: constructing a hybrid desalination unit coupled to existing PHWRs at Kalpakkam Japan: over 100 reactor-years of operating experience Japan: over 100 reactor-years of operating experience