1. CHAPTER 1 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. The Human Body An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy Levels of Study Gross Anatomy – when we look at our own body Large structures Easily observable Microscopic Anatomy – when we look at cells and tissues of the body Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope

4. Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology The parts of your body form a well-organized unit, and each of those parts has a job to do to make the body operate as a whole.

5. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Level Simplest level Atom – tiny building blocks of matter Atoms combine to form molecules.

6. Levels of Structural Organization Cellular Level Cell – the smallest units of all living things Cells are made up of molecules.

7. Levels of Structural Organization Tissue Level Tissues consist of similar types of cells that have a common function.

8. Levels of Structural Organization Organ Level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

9. Levels of Structural Organization Organ System Level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

10. Levels of Structural Organization Organism Level Highest level of structural organization. Human organisms are made up of 11 organ systems.

12. Organ System Overview Integumentary System Organ – skin Functions: Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

13. Organ System Overview Skeletal System Organs – cartilages, joints, and bones Functions: Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

14. Organ System Overview Muscular System Organs – skeletal muscles Functions: Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat

15. Organ System Overview Nervous System Organs – brain, spinal cord, and nerves Functions: Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands

16. Organ System Overview Endocrine System Organs – pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, testis, ovary Functions: Secretes regulatory hormones Hormones responsible for growth, reproduction, and metabolism

17. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular System Organs – heart and blood vessels Functions: Transports materials in the body through the blood Materials transported includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes

18. Organ System Overview Lymphatic System Organs – lymph nodes Functions: Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

19. Organ System Overview Respiratory System Organs – nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs Functions: Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

20. Organ System Overview Digestive System Organs – mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus Functions: Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material

21. Organ System Overview Urinary System Organs – kidney and urinary bladder Functions: Eliminates wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulation of water and electrolytes

22. Organ System Overview Reproductive System Organs: Male – penis, testis, scrotum, seminal vesicles, prostate gland Female – mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina Functions: Production of offspring

23. Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion – walking, swimming, etc. Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

24. Necessary Life Functions Metabolism Chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction Production of offspring Growth Increasing cell size and number

25. Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

26. Survival Needs Water 60-80 % of body weight Single most abundant chemical substance in the body Provides for metabolic reaction Stable Body Temperature Must be maintained at around 98  F Atomospheric Pressure Must Be Appropriate The force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air

27. Homeostasis Homeostasis = Maintenance of a stable internal environment = A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life.

28. Homeostatic Imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease As we age, our body organs become less efficient, and our internal conditions become less and less stable.

29. Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Control Mechanism: The receptor responds to changes in the environment and sends information to the control center (brain). The control center determines the set point (98.6  ) and determines the appropriate response.

30. Feedback Mechanisms Negative Feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Works like a household thermostat Your body’s thermostat is located in a part of the brain called the HYPOTHALAMUS It shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

31. Feedback Mechanisms Positive Feedback Increases the original stimulus or disturbance In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

32. The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

33. Orientation and Directional Terms Anatomical Position – the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward Table 1.1 on page 19 – go over these

36. Body Landmarks Anterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms Posterior Landmarks on page 13 go over these, but students have a copy of these terms

38. Body Planes – 3 types (page 19) Sagittal Section A cut made along a lengthwise plane of the body – divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal Section When the cut is made down the middle of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size

39. Body Planes – 3 types (page 19) Frontal Section A cut made along a lengthwise plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Also known as Coronal Section Transverse Section A cut made along a horizontal plane – divides the body into superior and inferior parts Also known as Cross Section

41. Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity – 2 subdivisions Cranial Cavity – the space inside the bony skull; contains the brain Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column

42. Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity – contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen Thoracic Cavity – contains the lungs and heart; separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle = DIAPHRAGM Abdominopelvic Cavity – 2 smaller subdivisions: Abdominal Cavity – contains the stomach, liver, and intestines Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum

44. Abdominopelvic Quadrants 4 quadrants (page 21, figure 1.8A)

46. Abdominopelvic Regions 9 regions (page 21, figure 1.8B)

48. Abdominopelvic Major Organs page 21, figure 1.8C