2. Vulcanized Rubber  Charles Goodyear  1844  Process of refining rubber and other polymers into a useable form  Made it retain elasticity and withstand lower temperatures

3. Bessemer Steel Making Process  Henry Bessemer  1855(56)  First inexpensive industrial process for refining and mass producing steel Pig iron must be refined before it is strong enough to be of use The Bessemer process removes impurities

4. Dynamite  Alfred Nobel  1867  Discovered a way to combine nitroglycerin with a stabilizing agent- made it into a paste- gave the previously volatile substance industrial applications  Nobel left his vast fortune to sponsor awards for advances in the sciences Nobel peace prizes

5. Induction Motor and Alternating Current  Nikola Tesla  1888  Originally worked with Edison but broke off to follow his own lines of experimentation  Induction motor enabled the mass production of machinery

6. Steam Engine  James Watt  1769  Did not create the steam engine- but saw the inefficiency  Improved condensing chamber so as to lose less energy

7. Steam Boat  Robert Fulton  1807  Did not create the first steam boat, but perfected it for commercial uses  The Clermont- 150 miles in 32 hours

8. Bicycle  Baron von Drais  1817  Invented to help him get around the royal German gardens faster  Pushed with your feet  Followed by the Velocipide had pedals  Became a practical, inexpensive method of transportation

9. Dirigible  Henri Giffard  1852  French engineer  Connected a small steam powered engine to a large propeller, topped at 5 mph

10. Elevator  Elisha Otis  1853  Did not invent the first elevator  First freight elevator and braking system that eventually made skyscrapers possible

11. Airplane  Orville and Wilber Wright  Dec. 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina  12 second flight  First powered, controlled flight

12. Ford’s Model T  Henry Ford  1909  Did not invent the automobile or the assembly line, but created cars affordable to the masses  First gasoline engine 1885 Karl Benz

13. Telegraph  Samuel Morse  1837  Developed from crude, earlier models- submitting electrical current over wire  Morse code in 1838

14. Photography  Louis Daugerre  1839  Captured images by exposing plates to mercury and silver nitrate- decreased exposure time from previous attempts

15. Typewriter  Christopher Sholes  1868  Wisconsin newspaper man  Improved after initial patent and manufactured starting in 1871  Easier for mass production of media- magazines, newspapers, etc.

16. Phonograph  Thomas Alva Edison  1878  Came from his work with the telegraph and telephone  Recorded sound waves onto a metal cylinder

17. Telephone  Alexander Graham Bell  1876  Vast potential far exceeded that of the telegraph

18. Wireless Telegraph  Guglielmo Marconi  1897  Goal was to use radio waves to transmit Morse code signal as used for conventional wired telegraphs  Received a Nobel prize in 1909

19. Canning Process  Nicholas Appert  1810  Won the French prize for discovering a new method for preserving food

20. Sewing Machine  Elias Howe  1846  New apparatus made stitches uniform and increased output- industrialized textile industry

21. Light Bulb/Electric Light  Thomas Alva Edison  1879  Tested 3,000 different methods for developing an incandescent light bulb

22. Kinetescope  Thomas Alva Edison  1891  Ribbon of pictures run at speed through a camera opening  One of many attempts at moving pictures of the day

23. Discussion  What do you think is meant by the phrase “Necessity is the Mother of Invention?”  Why do you think these inventions came about at these specific times?