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VictorianEngland Queen Victoria r. 1837-1901
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Britain: 1850-1870s * The most prosperous period in British history. *BUT, Britain’s prosperity didn’t do away w/ political discontent!
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The Two “Great Men” * William Gladstone, Liberal Prime Minister 1868-1874 1880-1885 1886 1892-1894 * Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Prime Minister 1868 1874-1880
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Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) Conservative
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Argued for aggressive foreign policy, expansion of British Empire, & reluctantly supported democratic reforms
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Reform Bill of 1832 Gave more political representation to urban industrial districts Decreased the political power of the House of Lords Empowered the House of Commons
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* Disraeli’s Goals: Give the Conservative Party credit for the reform process. Labor would be grateful & vote Conservative. The 2 nd Reform Bill - 1867
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*Components of the Bill: Doubled the # of men who could vote (still not universal male suffrage) Extra representation in Parliament to industrial cities like Liverpool & Manchester.
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William Gladstone (1809-1898) Most important liberal figure in 19th century England
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Supported Free trade, extension of democratic principles Meritocracy Opposed imperialism
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Ballot Act of 1872 Voting by secret ballot
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Education Act of 1870 Gov’t assumed responsibility for elementary schools Not the church
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Accomplishments: Domestic Policy 1884 Reform Bill Extended franchise to agricultural laborers. Added 6,000,000 to the total # who could vote in parliamentary elections. 1885: Redistribution of Seats Act changes seats in Commons to reflect new demographic changes.
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New Groups Emerge
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Fabianism/Fabian Society A British socialist intellectual movement founded in the mid-1880s. Purpose advance socialism by working through the political system, not through revolution. Laid the foundations for the British Labour Party.
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* Founded in 1900 by the Scotsman, Keir Hardie. The growth of labor unions gave voice to socialism in Britain. Attracted trade unionists, socialists & those disenchanted w/ the Conservative & Liberal parties. The British Labour Party
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1905-1920 Liberal Party Reforms
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* Most significant political reform during Liberal Party rule * Eliminated significant powers of House of Lords * House of Commons was now the center of national power The Parliament Act of 1911
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Emmeline Pankhurst * 1858-1928. * Her husband & children were all involved in the suffrage movement. * They became militants & were arrested & imprisoned.
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* 1917: She and her daughter, Christabel, formed the Women’s Party in 1917: Equal pay for equal work. Equal marriage & divorce laws. Equality of rights & opportunities in public service. A national system of maternity benefits.
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Representation of the People Act (1918) * Women over 30 got the right to vote. * All men gained suffrage. Property qualifications were completely eliminated! *Reform Act of 1928 Women over 21 years of age gained the right to vote at last!
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The Irish Question 1890-1914
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Home Rule for Ireland?? Gladstone debates Home Rule in Commons.
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Irish Home Rule Movement to give the Irish control of local gov’t Supported by Gladstone
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Opposition to Home Rule Politicians Protestant counties in northern Ireland, were growing economically Irish protestants vs Catholics
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WWI interrupted the Irish Question movement Easter Rebellion 1916 Independence rebellion was crushed by British Troops
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1922 Ireland will gain independence w/ N. Ireland remaining part of the British Empire
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Victorian England: Foreign Policy
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The Foreign Policy Debate “Big England” Policy “Little England” Policy * Disraeli * Conservative Party * England must be the greatest colonial power. * Spend £ on supporting the empire. * Gladstone. * Liberal Party. * England must invest in her own people at home. * Try negotiations, rather than costly military solutions.
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Big Idea Activity Extending Democracy How? Go through your notes list down bills and acts that extended democracy Why do more & more people gain political power? Contrast the way in which France & Great Britain impose changes
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